• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.251-280
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• 2014

Although gender-mainstreaming policies have been implemented, women are still under-represented in Korean science and technology (S&T). It is necessary to systematically analyze successful strategies which improved gender-diversity in S&T institutional environment. This paper examined notable attempts to lessen gender inequality in the fields of S&T education, research and industry. In so doing, the paper makes three important arguments. First, effective strategies for gender-mainstreaming are based upon gender-sensitive analyses of institutional and cultural contexts in S&T. Second, gender-sensitive strategies can contribute not only to gender-diversity but also qualitative and quantitative improvements in S&T. Finally, the paper provides strategies to increase gender-diversity in Korean S&T.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-45
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• 2017

This study aims at explaining organizational mechanisms of inequality that has been rising rapidly alongside the proliferation of irregular employment in the post-crisis Korean labor market. It argues that inequality is not sufficiently explained by individual gap in human capital or widespread marketization as such. Social categories into which each individual worker falls seems more important as a source of labor market inequality. Employment types that are composed of regular and irregular employment do not simply indicate the different economic meanings of employment contracts but have rather been institutionalized as a social category of status in the context of inequality over the past two decades. They are also often matched with other social categories such as gender that have created and reproduced greater labor market inequality. We pay attention to the organizational practice of dominant incumbents who make claims for advantages of return based on their exclusive accessibility to limited organizational resources and explain how that particular practice plays a role to increase relational inequality between those insiders who achieve advantageous returns and outsiders mostly irregular workers who are excluded from those resources because of the social categories that they belong to. In this study, we identify seniority based pay as the key organizational practice that justifies categorical differences within the workplace and examine how that particular practice contributes to organizational level segmentation and income ineqaulity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Graham Greene's The Quiet American is a war novel set in Vietnam. Thus, although war-related political stories are mainly unfolded, this novel presumes that Westerners are basically superior to the colored Vietnamese. In addition to racial issues, it describes the dual discrimination and inequality that women face. Phung, a Vietnamese woman who wishes to live a rich and comfortable life through marriage to a Western man, is a gender underdog oppressed by the capital and males. She is discriminated against by selfish views created by men, such as being expressed as an ignorant woman who can feel physical pain but not mental pain and being described as a partner to satisfy men's pleasure. Fowler and Pyle, the male lead characters who are gender strong, treat the Asian woman as a low-status person who is qualitatively different from Westerner and use and exploit the woman simply to satisfy their selfish needs. Therefore, it is hard to say that this story involves true love, as it is based on an unequal relationship. Eventually, Pyle's death brings Phung back to Fowler, confirming that Asian women are unable to escape from the gender underdog of Western men.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.43-49
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• 2016

This paper explains concepts and methods of indexes measuring gender gaps. There are mainly 4 indexs, GDI, GEM, GII and GGI. UNDP developed GDI, GEM and GII. WEF developed GGI. Each index has its own strengths and weak points. Therefore it is important to understand each index in detail. For Korea, as men and women have been developed equally in areas of education and health, the GDI score was in a high group. However, the GEM and GGI scores were low. This implies that in order to reduce gender gaps, it is necessary to expand gender equality policies empowering economic and political empowerment.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.1-38
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• 2019

This paper investigates the relationship between the occupational gender wage gap and the proportion of high wage earning female workers in Korea. The main idea is that an increase in the number of high wage earning female workers in the workplace could lead to a decrease in the gender wage gap by eradicating the prejudice or reducing the statistical discrimination on female workers. We constructed a panel dataset by using the raw data from the Korean Survey Report on Labor Conditions by Employment between 2009 and 2016. The result shows that greater presences of high wage earning female workers in male dominant occupations have statistically significant negative impacts on residual gender earning dispersion.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2023

Purpose - The pandemic has magnified and deepened existing socioeconomic disparities, including healthcare, education, income, gender, and housing. This study aims to examine the intersectionality of these disparities and their implications for promoting equity and justice. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic disparities. The review includes empirical studies, policy reports, and academic articles on healthcare, education, income, gender, and housing disparities. Result - The pandemic has exposed significant disparities in healthcare, education, income, gender, and housing. Healthcare disparities have been highlighted, and there is a need for more equitable access to care and addressing social determinants of health. Educational and income disparities are closely linked, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality. Gender disparities have been exacerbated, with women experiencing disproportionate impacts on their health, well-being, and economic security. The pandemic has highlighted the need for safe, stable, and affordable housing. Conclusion - The pandemic has brought to light numerous socioeconomic disparities that require systemic change to address. Promoting equity and justice requires a comprehensive, long-term approach that addresses systemic factors and promotes social and economic equity. By taking action to address these issues, we can create a more just and equitable society that promotes the health and well-being of all its members.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

Purpose: With economic development and prolonged longevity, the level of health and health disparities have became growing concerns for individual and society as well. Since youth's health status are influenced by households' socioeconomic status and associated with heath status in later stage of life, assessing health inequality in the youth is a significant step toward lessening health disparity and promoting health. We measured health inequality in high school students and decomposed it into health factors. Methods: The subjects included 3,787 high school students of 12th graders from the Korea Education and Employment Panel (KEEP) in 2004. True health status was assumed as a latent variable and estimated by ordered logistic regression model. The predicted health was used as a measure of individual health after rPSraling to [0,1] interval. Total health inequality was then measured by Gini coefficient and was decomposed into health factors. Results: Health inequality in high school students was observed. Of total health inequality, 44% was explained by biological factors such as body mass index (BMI) (32.5%) and gender (13.5%). Behavioral factors such as smoking, drinking, physical activity, hours in bed and hours of computer ussge added to 11.7%. Household income and work experiences explained 5.6% and 8.8%, respectively. School satisfaction explained 14.6%. Other school related factors such as self-assessed achievement and experience of being bullied accounted for 15.5%. Conclusion: Among the health factors, biological factor was the most important contributor in health disparity. Other factors such as health behaviors, socioeconomic factors, school satisfaction and school related factors exhibited somewhat similar magnitude. For policy purposes, it is recommended to look into modifiable factors depending BM, gender and school surroundings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.623-627
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• 2014

Background: Esophagus cancer (EC) is among the five most common cancers in both sexes in Iran, with an incidence rate well above world average. Social rank (SR) of individuals and regions are well-known independent predictors of EC incidence. The aim of current study was to assess gender and social disparities in EC incidence across Iran's provinces through 2003-2009. Materials and Methods: Data on distribution of population at province level were obtained from the Statistical Centre of Iran. Age-standardized incidence rates of EC were gathered from the National Cancer Registry. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used to assess the province social rank. Rate ratios and Kunst and Mackenbach relative indices of inequality ($RII_{KM}$) were used to assess gender and social inequalities, respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using joinpoint regression. Results: EC incidence rate increased 4.6% and 6.5% per year among females and males, respectively. There were no gender disparities in EC incidence over the study period. There were substantial social disparities in favor of better-off provinces in Iran. These social disparities were generally the same between males and females and were stable over the study period. Conclusions: The results showed an inverse association between the provinces' social rank and EC incidence rate in Iran. In addition, I found that, in contrast with international trends, women are at the same risk of EC as men in Iran. Further investigations are needed to explain these disparities in EC incidence across the provinces.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.657-666
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate what kind of problems gender equality in Chinese married immigrant women have in marriage. We interviewed five Chinese marriage immigrant women married to Korean men for research. Using the case study method, which is a qualitative research method, five research participants analyzed gender equality awareness and gender equality conflict after migration. As a result, the marital conflicts, which are the difference of recognition of gender equality among married immigrant women, were different according to the family life culture of their home countries, the route of meeting with their husbands, and their understanding of Chinese culture. Nonetheless, most of the research participants showed that they accepted the Korean women's values in the form of conforming to the Korean patriarchal system while taking the inequality by attempting to assimilate positively in Korean society. And some of them resulted in the failure of the family because of the patriarchal values of the Korean husband. Based on the results of this study, we discussed the problems of gender equality in multicultural families in Korea and discussed ways to improve them.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2011

Objectives: This study gathered basic information for the development of a health promotion policy for employees and the selection of participants for health education by identifying the impact of socioeconomic status and health behavior on the health status of males and females. Methods: The 2008 National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey data were used to examine relationships between socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health status of male and female employees. For the analysis, the $X^2$ test and logistic regression were used. Results: Heath behaviors had a very slight impact of the association between socioeconomic status and health status among male and female employees. And patterns of health inequality had the gender difference. Conclusions: When developing a health promotion policy for employees, and selecting health education subjects, it is necessary to consider both socioeconomic status and gender.