• 약학회지
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2011

This systematic review was conducted to assess the clinical effect of ocular fluoroquinolones used for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. A literature search for randomized controlled clinical trials registered up to January 2010 based on PubMed database, using the following search terms: conjunctivitis and fluoroquinolones (besifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) were performed. Pooled data on the clinical resolution and bacterial eradication rates derived from selected 16 studies were reported as the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) compared with placebo. Early clinical resolution and microbiological eradication rates in placebo were 28% and 62% respectively. Fluoroquinolones were significantly effective comparing to placebo: early RR 1.94 (95% CI 1.60~2.34) and late RR 1.30 (1.19~1.43) in clinical resolution rates, and early RR 1.75 (1.58~1.94) and late RR 1.28 (1.18~1.39) in microbiological eradication rates. Besifloxacin, ciprofloaxain and moxifloxacin in clinical resolution, and besifloxacin and levofloxacin in microbiological eradication showed higher RRs than pooled overall fluoroquinolones' RRs. New quinolones had higher antibacterial potencies for all pathogens isolated from bacterial conjunctivitis and resistant isolates than old generation quinolones. In conclusion, ocular 7 fluoroquinolones were all effective than placebo for bacterial conjunctivitis and there were differences between quinolones in early and late clinical resolutions and microbiological eradications, and no differences in safety comparing to placebo.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2007

Cimetidine, a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is a well known drug interacting with a variety of drugs and results in alteration of pharmacokinetic parameters by concomitant administration. The aim of present study was to investigate whether cimetidine affects the transport of various quinolone antibiotics in human colorectal cancer cell line (Caco-2) system which has been typically used to investigate drug transport via P-gp. The apparent permeability coefficients (P$_{app}$) value of 9 quinolone antibiotics in the co-treatment with cimetidine was examined. Apical to basolateral (AP-to-BL) transport of fleroxacin in the co-treatment with cimetidine was increased to 1.5-fold (p<0.01) compared with that of fleroxacin alone, whereas basolateral to apical (BL-to-AP) transport of fleroxacin was decreased to 0.83-fold significantly (p<0.05). Ofloxacin was decreased to 0.8-fold (p<0.01) and 0.72-fold (p<0.01) significantly in AP-to-BL and BL-to-AP direction, respectively by cimetidine cotreatment. The P$_{app}$ values of gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and rufloxacin also were changed by cimetidine. These results have a potential that cimetidine influences on the pharmacokinetics of quinolone antibiotics. It suggests that careful drug monitoring and dosage adjustment may be necessary during the co-administration of quinolone antibiotics with cimetidine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1853-1857
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• 2008

Salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. A total of 21 isolates of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from supermarkets with well-equipped cold systems. Among these, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Haardt (S. Haardt) and three isolates were S. enterica serotype Muenchen. When the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the S. Haardt isolates were assayed with the agar dilution method to determine susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid, all 18 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid and nine of these were resistant to ampicillin. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to eight fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. When quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and gyrB were sequenced, every isolate had the same missense mutation Ser83$\rightarrow$Tyr (TCC$\rightarrow$+TAC) in gyrA, whereas no mutation was found in gyrB. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI revealed a close relationship among these isolates, suggesting a contamination of raw chicken meat with clonal spread of nalidixic acid-resistant and quinolone-reduced susceptibility S. Haardt in chickens. Results in this study show the importance of a well-equipped cold system and the prudent use of fluoroquinolone in chickens to prevent the occurrence of quinolone-resistant isolates.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2005

배 경 : FQ계 약제는 다제내성 결핵환자들의 치료를 위한 주용 2차 항결핵약제의 하나이다. 그러나 FQ계 여러 약제들 간 교차내성정도와 내성관련 유전자인 gyrA의 돌연변이간 관련성을 조사하게 되었다. 방 법 : 결핵균 중에서 OFX 내성인 63균주와 감수성인 10균주를 대상으로 Lowenstein-Jensen 배지에 CIP, LVX, MXF, GAT, SPX 등에 대한 교차내성을 조사하였다. 퀴놀론계 각 약제를 $0.5-3{\mu}g/ml$ 농도로 첨가한 배지에서, $2{\mu}g/ml$ 이상에서 균이 발육한 경우를 내성으로 판정하였다. OFX 내성인 균주의 gyrA 및 gyrB 유전자의 돌연변이가 잘 발생하는 곳을 염기서열 분석하여 약제별로 그 교차내성 양상을 비교하였다. 결 과 : OFX 내성인 63균주 모두가 CIP약제에서는 교차내성을 나타내었고, LVX에는 90.5%, MXF에는 44.4%, GAT에는 36.5%, SPX에는 46.0%가 교차내성을 보였다. 이들 내성균주의 81.0%가 gyrA 유전자에 돌연변이를 가지고 있었으며, 그 분포는 아미노산 88번, 90번, 91번, 94번에서 나타났다. 그 중에서도 Gly88Ala, Ala90Val, Asp94Ala 돌연변이는 제3세대 FQ계 약제인 MXF, GAT, SPX에 감수성을 나타내는 경향이 있었다. 한편 gyrB 유전자에서는 63개 OFX 내성균주 중 4균주만이 돌연변이를 나타내었으나, 이들과 gyrB 유전자내 돌연변이가 없는 균주들 사이에서 FQ의 내성에 관련해서 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : OFX 내성균 중에서 약 60% 정도가 제3세대 FQ계 약제에서 감수성을 보였다. 따라서 이 들 약제에 대해서는 별도로 감수성검사를 실시하여 처방에 활용한다면, OFX 내성환자의 치료를 크게 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.