• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.136-140
• /
• 1982

In order to evaluate the feasibility for the sterilization of Korean red and white ginseng powder by irradiation, red and white ginseng powder (120 mesh) was irradiated by 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 2.0 Mrad with $^{60}Co$ irradiator (dose rate: 4000 rad/h). Extraction rate of crude saponins by buthanol and by 50% ethanol were slightly increased according to the irradiation dose (buthanol ex. 1.7%, 50% ethanol ex. 2.6% at 1.0 Mrad irradiation. There are no remarkable changes in HPLC patterns of crude saponins by radiation. It was found that irradiation up to 1 Mrad on Korean ginseng products have no significant effect on proximate component, reducing sugar and amino nitrogen of ginseng powder and on the color density of ginseng extract with 50% ethanol. Irradiation up to 1 Mrad could be utilized for the sterilization of Korean ginseng powder whithout changes of physicochemical properties.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1997

Radiation protection by post-irradiation injection of the ginseng extract in mice was studied. Male ICR mice, 7 weeks old, were orally injected with ginseng extrat(100mg/kg) for 10 days, and with physiologocal saline as the control. Immediately after final injection, mice were whole body irradiated with 5.08Gy(Cs-137 ${\gamma}$-ray, central dose rate : 654Gy/h) which induced Bone marrow death. At 24h after irradiation, micronucleus test and metaphase analysis in bone-marrow were carried, blood cell were counted and the survival rate were carried for 30 days after the irradiation. Stimulated recovery by the extract was observed in thrombocyte count, but that phenomenom was not showed in the erythrocyte and leucocyte counts. The 30-day survival ratio was 5% and 65% for the control and experimental group. Frequencies of micronuclei per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes were 79.5${\pm}$1.5 in experimental group, 185.9${\pm}$35.8 in control. And Abnormal chromosomes per 50 metaphases were 112 in experimental group and 143 in control.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2011

Red ginseng is one of the most popular traditional medicines in Korea. In this study, we developed a new technique in which ethanol extract of $\underline{r}$ed $\underline{g}$inseng (HRG) was exposed to the $Co^{60}$ gamma radiation ranging from 1~5 kGy. The irradiated HRG (IHRG) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine any compositional changes of ginsenosides due to irradiation. No appreciable difference was observed in the HPLC pattern of ginsenosides of HRG. Using MTT assay, the cytotoxicity effect was significantly increased by IHRG compared to HRG. The $LD_{50}$ concentration was $30{\mu}g/mL$ for IHRG-1 (1 kGy), and $15{\mu}g/mL$ for IHRG-5 (5 kGy). The evidences of apoptosis, such as nuclei cleavage and Annexin V staining, were observed in the human prostate cancer PC-3 cells treated with the IHRG. Additionally, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was apparently elevated by IHRG. We also studied the inhibitory effect of IHRG on the growth rate of tumor xenografts in BALB/c male mice. The tumor growth rates were inhibited by 56.9 and 76.1% in mice treated with 10 mg/kg of IHRG-1 and IHRG-5, respectively, compared with control group (21.1%). These results suggest that some biologically active and soluble components in HRG can be more effectively enhancement of anti-tumor effects using irradiation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.288-293
• /
• 1986

The washed fresh ginsengs packed with air, vaccum and nitrogen gas were irradiated at the levels of 1,2 and 3kGy gamma radiation and then stored at $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ for 90days to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on microbial inactivation, eelworm disinfestation and physicochemical changes. After a 90 day storage, $2{\sim}3kGy$ irradiated groups showed 20% of weight loss and 10% of rot while non-irradiated group 100% and 20% or more, respectively. Also the irradiated groups showed somewhat lower values of specific gravity, color density and hardness immediately after irradiation, thereafter higher value of them with storage time than those of non-irradiated group. The irradiation increased the yields of ginseng extract and crude saponins but no effects on the proximate composition and TLC and HPLC patterns of saponin. The food-borne microorganisms decreased in viable cell counts by $2{\sim}3$ log cycles with $2{\sim}3kGy$ radiation and the eelworms were completely disinfested with 1 kGy radiation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 1990

The microbial populations of exportable ginseng leaf tea were $3.6{\times}10^{5}/g$ in mesophilic aerobic bacteria, $2.1{\times}10^{3}/g$ in mesophilic aerobic spores, $1.6{\times}10^{4}/g$ in yeast, $1.9{\times}10^{4}/g$ in molds and $1.2{\times}10^{4}/g$ in coliforms, respectively, which are higher levels than the legaJIy permissible loads of microorganisms for ginseng powders in Korea. In a comparative study of the decontaminating effects on microorganisms, ethylene oxide fumigation and 5 kGy irradiation could decrease microorganisms below the detectable level. And there is no growth of microorgllnisms after three months of storage at $30{\pm}1^{circ}C$. The decimal reduction doses (Dw value) for microorganisms contaminated were 0.70 kGy in coliforms, 0.75 kGy in total bacteria, 0.85 kGy in molds. and 0.95 kGy in yeast, respectively. In the organoleptic test for ginseng leaf tea, the irradiated samples showed no significant difference from the control group in overall flavor, taste, color and acceptability. However the extracts of ethylene oxide fumigated sample were significantly different in color and taste from other groups even after three months storage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2001

We performed this study to determine the effect of Jiegeng(Platycodon grandiflorum), Danggui(Angelica sinensis), Gancao(Glycyrrhiza glabla), Chaihu(Bupleurum falcatnosa), Shoudehuang(Rehmannia glutinosa), Huangqi(Satragalus membranaceus), Muxiang(Saussurea lappa), Yuanzhi(Polygala tenuifolia), Rensen(Panax ginseng) and Baishaoyao(Paeonia lactiflolia), as Oriental radices herbs, on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with high and low dose of ${\gamma}-radiation$. Jiegeng(p<0.005), Danggui(p<0.0005), Gancao(p<0.005), Chaihu(p<0.05), Muxiang(p<0.05), Rensen(p<0.005) and Baishaoyao(p<0.005) were effective in intestinal crypt survival. Danggui(p<0.05), Chaihu(p<0.05), Shoudehuang(p<0.05), Huangqi(p<0.05), Rensan(p<0.005) and Baishaoyao(p<0.05) increased the formation of endogenous spleen colony. The frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was also reduced by pretreatment with Chaihu(p<0.05), Muxiang(p<0.005), Yuanzhi(p<0.05), Rensan(p<0.05) and Baishaoyao(p<0.05). Although the mechanisms of this effect remain to be elucidated, these results indicated that Danggui, Chaihu, Muxiang, Rensan and Baishaiyao might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic natural product.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.698-704
• /
• 1999

In this study, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of Kuei Pi Tang and its ingredients, as a prescription of traditional Oriental medicine. The jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells were investigated in mice irradiated with high and low dose of ${\gamma}$ rays. In the mice administered with Kuei Pi Tang extract before irradiation, the jejunal crypts were protected significantly(p<0.005) and the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was reduced(p<0.05). In the experiment on the effects of the ingredients of Kuei Pi Tang, the results indicated that the extract of Dangui(Angelica sinensis), Suanzaoren(Zizyphus valgaris), Rensan (Panax ginseng), Fuling(Poria cocos) and Muxiang(Saussurea lappa) might have a major radioprotective effect. Although the mechanisms of this inhibitory effect remain to be elucidated, these results indi cated that Kuei Pi Tang might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic natural product.