• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.1031-1035
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• 2023

Neutron is an indirectly ionizing particle without charge, which is normally measured by detecting reaction products. Neutron detection system based on measuring gadolinium-converted gamma-rays is a good way to monitor the neutron because the representative prompt gamma-rays of gadolinium have low energies (79, 89, 182, and 199 keV). Low energy gamma-rays and their high attenuation coefficient on materials allow the simple design of a detector easier to manufacture. Thus, we designed a cadmium zinc telluride detector to investigate feasibility of simultaneous detection of gamma-rays and neutrons by using the Monte-Carlo simulation, which was divided into two parts; first was gamma-detection part and second was gamma- and neutron-simultaneous detection part. Consequently, we confirmed that simultaneous detection of gamma-rays and neutrons could be feasible and valid, although further research is needed for adoption on real detection.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.484-488
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• 1994

Background : The antigen-specific receptor on the surface of most peripheral T lymphocytes is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ subunits, noncovalently associated with CD3 polypeptides. Recently, a novel type of CD3-associated heterodimer was described on a T cell subset that does not express CD4 or CD8 molecules. This second type of TCR dimer is composed of chains encoded for by the $\gamma$- and $\delta$-TCR genes. These cells may exert both cytotoxic and lymphokine producing functions. Although it was reported that some ${\gamma}{\delta}$-TCR might recognize an MHC-linked determinant, the funεtion or physiologic ligand for this new receptor is not yet clear. It was found that ${\gamma}{\delta}$-TCR can react with 65 kD heat shock protein of M. tuberculosis, which suggests the possible protective role of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T lymphocytes against tuberculosis. In our previous study, there was neither the increase in number nor the functional activation of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the peripheral blood from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Now we report the distribution of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells in the regional sites of M. tuberculosis infection, especial1y tuberculous lymphadenitis. Methods : Lymph nodes from patients with pathologically-proven tuberculous lymphadenopathy (n=5) and reactive hyperplasia (n=3) were used. Tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after removal and stored below $-70^{\circ}C$. The cryostat sections of these frozen specimens were stained with anti-Leu-4 Ab, Identi-T TCR ${\delta}1$, and Identi-T ${\beta}F1$. The number of positively stained cells were counted at high power field. Results : The infiltration of ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T cells was significantly higher in the lymph nodes from patients with tuberculous lymphadenopathy than that with reactive hyperplasia ($16.3{\pm}10.3%$ vs. $1.7{\pm}1.5%$). Conclusion : These results suggest that ${\gamma}{\delta}$) T cells may play a role in the defense against M. tuberculosis infection, especially in the regional sites of infection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2002

Study was performed to know the effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer hairy root due to $^{60}$ Co ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation. We irradiated the hairy roots under the various $^{60}$ Co ${\gamma}$-ray; 0.5~4 Krad. The growth of hairy roots is inhibited over 3 Krad treatment. The lateral roots are used as a cell line after removing the apical meristem of hairy roots irradiated below 2 Krad. We selected 206 hairy root cell lines having various different growth rates and forms, and incubated in the 1/2 Murashige & Skoog(MS) medium in the absence of hormone. We selected 10 out of 206 showing superior growth. Among those, ${\gamma}$-GHR 70 and ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 showed higher growth; 34.5, 44.7%, respectively. We observed shapable, sizable characteristics according to the width of the primary roots, the process formation of the lateral roots, and the growth of lateral roots. The discriminable cell line showed that primary root is thinner, and has a vigorous growth. 8 out of 10 had much more contents than control in the aspect of the ginsenoside. ${\gamma}$-GHR 59 and ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 showed higher contents; 19, 16.9%, respectively. Therefore, we selected ${\gamma}$-GHR 70, ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 as a superior cell line in the aspect of ginsenoside contents, and growth among those irradiated by ${\gamma}$-ray. According to content of ginsenoside, Rb$_2$ effective in anticancer has 7.5% of ${\gamma}$-GHR 59. Rc, also effective in anticancer showed 16.2% content increasement of ${\gamma}$-GHR 69. It is thought that those lines will be effective in manufacturing ginsenoside. Gene analysis (VNTRP) related to the mutation is in progress.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.822-835
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• 1997

Background : There have been many in vitro evidences that interleukin-4(IL-4) might be the most important cytokine inducing IgE synthesis from B-cells, and interferon-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) might be a main cytokine antagonizing IL-4-mediated IgE synthesis. Recently some reports demonstrated that IFN-$\gamma$ might be used as a new therapeutic modality in some allergic diseases with high serum IgE level, such as atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. To evaluate the in vivo effect of IFN-$\gamma$ in bronchial asthma we tried a clinical study. Methods : Fifty bronchial asthmatics(serum IgE level over 200 IU/ml) who did not respond to inhaled or systemic corticosteroid treatment, and 17 healthy nonsmoking volunteers were included in this study. The CD 23 expressions of peripheral B-cells, the IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells, the serum soluble CD23(sCD23) levels, and the superoxide anion(${O_2}^-$) generations by peripheral PMN were compared between bronchial asthmatics and normal subjects. The IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells were analyzed by T-cell supernatant (T-sup)-induced CD23 expression from tonsil B-cells. In bronchial asthmatics the serum IgE levels and histamine $PC_{20}$ in addition to the above parameters were also compared before and after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. IFN-$\gamma$ was administered subcutaneously with a weekly dose of 30,000 IU per kilogram of body weight for 4 weeks. Results : The ${O_2}^-$ generations by peripheral PMNs in bronchial asthmatics were higher than normal subjects($8.23{\pm}0.94$ vs $5.00{\pm}0.68\;nmol/1{\times}10^6$ cells, P<0.05), and significantly decreased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values($3.69{\pm}0.88$ vs $8.61{\pm}1.53\;nmol/1{\times}10^6$ cells, P<0.05). CD23 expression of peripheral B-cells in bronchial asthmatics was higher than normal subjects($47.47{\pm}2.96%$, vs $31.62{\pm}1.92%$, P<0.05), but showed no significant change after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. The serum sCD23 levels in bronchial asthmatics were slightly higher than normal subjects($191.04{\pm}23.3\;U/ml$ vs $162.85{\pm}4.85\;U/ml$), and 11(64.7%) of 17 patients showed a decreasing pattern in their serum sCD23 levels after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. However the means of serum sCD23 levels were not different before and after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. The IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells in bronchial asthmatics were slightly higher than normal subjects($22.48{\pm}6.81%$ vs $18.90{\pm}2.43%$), and slightly increased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment($27.90{\pm}2.56%$). Nine(60%) of 15 patients showed a decreasing pattern in their serum IgE levels after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. And the levels of serum IgE were significantly decreased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values ($658.67{\pm}120.84\;IU/ml$ vs $1394.32{\pm}314.42\;IU/ml$, P<0.05). Ten(83.3%) of 12 patients showed an improving pattern in bronchial hyperresponsiveness after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment, and the means of histamine $PC_{20}$ were significantly increased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values ($1.22{\pm}0.29mg/ml$ vs $0.69{\pm}0.17mg/ml$, P<0.05). Conclusion : Our results suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ may be useful as well as safety in the treatment of bronchial asthmatics with high serum IgE level and that in vivo effects of IFN-$\gamma$ may be different from its in vitro effects on the regulations of IgE synthesis or the respiratory burst of PMN.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of a recombinant human Factor VIII(GC-$\gamma$ AHF) manufactured by Korea Green Cross Company with different technology according to the Regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration (l 998. 12. 3). In acute toxicity test, both genders of Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs were administered intravenously with GC-$\gamma$ AHF of three doses (3,125, 625 and 125 IU/kg), and single dose of 3,125 IU/kg, respectively. No dead animal and abnormal autopsy findings were found in Control and GC-$\gamma$ AHF treated group. Therefore, the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF was conidered to be higher than 3,125 IU/kg in rats and dogs. In the four weeks repeated intravenous toxicity study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF was administrated intravenosly to both genders of rats and dogs with 3 doses (500, 150, 50 IU/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental Period. In addition, no significant GC-$\gamma$ AHF related changes were found in clinical sign, urinalysis and other finding. Statistically changes were observed in hematological, biochemical and organ weight parameters of treated groups: however these changes were not dose dependent. No histopathological lesion were observed in both control and treated animals. Above data suggest that no observed adverse effect level of test materials in rats and dogs might be over 500 IU/kg/day in this study. In ocular irritation test, any injury on iris, conjunctiva and cornea in rabbits were not observed. The acute ocular irritation index (A.O.I.), mean ocular irritation index (M.O.I.) and Day-7 individual ocular irritation Index (I.O.I.) of GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. In the primary skin Irritation test, the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) oj GC-$\gamma$ AHF were 0. Therefore, the GC-$\gamma$ AHF is considered not to have the primary skin and eye toxicity in rabbits. In active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) test, GC-$\gamma$ AHF and GC-$\gamma$ AHF emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) did not induce any symptom of anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. In passive cutaneous anaphylxis (PCA) test, after sensitization with antisera of GC-$\gamma$ AHF sensitized mice, blue spots were observed on the hypodermis of back of rats, but diameter of each spot was smaller than 5 mm in each test groups except the positive control group. Based on the results of this study, GC-$\gamma$ AHF is not conidered to have any antigenic potential. In conclusion, at levels of up to 500 IU/kg, GC-$\gamma$ AHF did not produce treatment-related toxicity under the conditions of these acute-, four week repeated-toxicity, primary skin and eye toxicity, and antigenicity test.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

Background: Interleron-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-$\alpha$) playa critical role in protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection The change of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF -$\alpha$ producing capacity in the course of antituberculous chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated in this study. Method: In 29 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, phytohemagglutinin(PHA) or purified protein derivative(PPD) stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified. Five patients were sampled before they underwent antituberculous treatment, 11 patients after 0-4 months, six after 4-completion and seven after treatment completion. Result: There was no difference in PHA- or PPD-stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ between each group. Conclusion: No difference in PHA- or PPD- stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ between two groups could be identified according to their treatment with pulmonary tuberculosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.205-211
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• 1999

We investigated optimal conditions for the microbial transformation of $\gamma$-butyrobetaine into L-carnitine by using Achromobacter cycloclast ATCC 21921. When the cells were cultivated in the medium containing $\gamma$-butyrobetaine as the sole carbon source for both cell growth and L-carnitine production, the maximum L-carnitine production was 2.9 g/L and the conversion yield from $\gamma$-butyrobetaine to L-carnitine was as low as 30.9 mol%. In order to enhance the L-carnitine production and the conversion yield, various carbon sources were added to the $\gamma$-butyronetaine containing basal medium. In the medium supplemented with glycerol, L-carnitine production was as high as 4.6 g/L and the conversion yield was 88.2 mol%, showing a significant improvement in L-carnitine synthesis compared to those in the medium without glycerol. We also examined the additional effect of quaternary ammonium compounds such as betaine and choline, which are similar in structure to $\gamma$-butyrobetaine and L-carnitien. It was observed that in the presence of those quaternary ammonium compounds, both the L-carnitine production rate and the conversion yield increased. In addition, we found that cell growth was inhibited by a $\gamma$-butyrobetaine concentration of more than 3%, while L-carnitine production was efficient at the $\gamma$-butyrobetaine concentration of 2-3%. By cultivating the cells in the optimal medium containing glycerol and choline, we obtained an L-carnitine concentration of 7.2 g/L with the conversion yield of 98.7 mol% in 4 days.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2004

Neutron induced prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy(NIPS) system measures the prompt gamma-ray emitting by the interaction of a neutron with various materials. This system will be of great benefit to scientists worldwide, since it provides the non-destructive measurement of many element in either solid or liquid wastes. In this study, the full-energy-peak (FEP) efficiency calibration for a HPGe detector was constructed in the ${\gamma}$-ray energy range from 80 keV to 8 MeV, using $^{l33}$Ba and >TEX>$^{152}Eu$ RI sources and $ ^{35}Cl(n, ${\gamma}$)^{36}Cl$ thermal neutron captured reaction. The FEP efficiency curve for the higher energies using the $^{35}Cl(n, ${\gamma}$)^{36}Cl$ reaction was normalized with the curve obtained from the RI sources, since the accurate activity of its prompt ${\gamma}$-ray is unknown. The average thermal neutron flux was theoretically calculated using the FEP efficiency curve for the KCl standard solutions. The NIPS system equipped with a ${\gamma}$-${\gamma}$ coincidence setup with two n-type coaxial HPGe detectors was considered in order to reduce the interfering ${\gamma}$-ray background. The FEP efficiency curve for the ${\gamma}$-${\gamma}$ coincidence system was also obtained for full energy range. The performance of the normal and coincidence NIPS system was tested by comparing signal-to-noise ratio in each mode using the reference sample.e.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

${\gamma}$-PGA(poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid) is an unusual anionic polypeptide that is made of D- and L-glutamic acid units connected by amide linkages between ${\alpha}$-amino and ${\gamma}$-carboxylic acid groups. ${\gamma}$-PGA has been isolated from many kinds of organisms. Many Bacillus strains produce ${\gamma}$-PGA as a capsular material of an extracellular viscous material. It is safe for eating as a viscosity element of fermented soybean products such as Chungkookjang and Natto. It is biodegradable, edible and nontoxic toward humans and the environment and its molecular weight varies from ten thousand to several hundred thousand depending on the kinds of strains used. Therefore, potential applications of ${\gamma}$-PGA and its derivatives have been of interest in the past few years in a broad range of industrial fields such as food, cosmetics, medicine, water-treatment, etc. In this study, a bacterium, Bacillus subtilis GS-2 isolated from the Korean traditional seasoning food, Chungkookjang could produce a large amount of ${\gamma}$-PGA with high productivity and had a simple nutrient requirement. Based on carbon utilization pattern and partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the GS-2 strain was identified as B. subtilis. The determination of purified ${\gamma}$-PGA was confirmed with thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, and $^1H$-nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H$-NMR) spectroscopy.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.336-344
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• 2006

Objects : This study has been carried out to assess the effects of the variable herbs on $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion in the mouse spleen cell. Methods : 202 kinds of herb extracts were used to evaluate the $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretory distinction by each $1{\mu}g/ml$ and $10{\mu}g/ml$ density of water. All experimental herbs were grouped by oriental herbalogical method. But each herb had its independent variables. Results : The secretions increased in 20% of all herbal water. The density differences also make different effects on the secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$. The secretion of IFN-${\gamma}$ inclosed in some kinds of herbs of IFN-${\gamma}$. It has representatively increased in Imperaetae Rhizoma(白茅根) of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and Notopterygii Rhizoma(羌活)of $10{\mu}g/ml$. $IFN-{\gamma}$ incresed in 12 kinds of heybs of both densities. The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in some kinds of herbs of $IFN-{\gamma}$. It has representatively decreased in Moutan Radicis Cortex(蘇丹皮) of $1{\mu}g/ml$ and Angelicae Radix(富歸尾) of $10{\mu}g/ml$. $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in 18 kinds of herbs of both densities. In t oriental herb group, The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ increased in Bang-Hyang-Hwa-Sup group(芳香化濕藥), He-Pyo group(解表藥), I-Su-Sam-SuP group(利水渗) The secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ decreased in Gu-Chung group(驅蟲藥), An-Sin group(安神藥). Su-Sap group(收澁) On-Li group(溫裏藥), I-Gi group(利氣藥). Conclusions : The result of this study will not only broaden applications of oriental medicine to biological therapy, but also form the basis of oriental medical therapy to find out the meaning of oriental classification.