• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2013

Purpose: We retrospectively investigated individuals who hadbeen identified by neonatal screening as potential galactosemia patients to determine the etiology of galactosemia. Methods: One hundred fifty-three patients referred to Korea Genetics Research Center due to high galactose level detected by neonatal screening test between February 2005 and May 2013 were examined. Galactose and galactose-1-phosphate levels were measured by using a fluoro metric microplate reader. Lactose free diet was initiated immediately after confirmed by urine Clinitest. If reducing sugar was negative, we employed abdominal sonogram and echocardiogram to check for possible porto-systemic shunt. Results: Fifteen patients were diagnosed with galactosemia. One patient had galactokinase (GALK) deficiency; four had UDP galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) deficiency; two had citrin deficiency; and four had porto-systemic shunt. Two had unknown causes of galactosemia. Conclusion: In addition to genetic defects of GALT, GALK and GALE, citrin deficiency or porto-systemic shunt could also cause galactosemia. It is crucial to carry out differential diagnosis to determine the cause of galactosemia.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.426-429
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• 2018

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) is characterized by eosinophilia and organ damage. Imatinib is widely used for treating CEL, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Unfortunately, the cancer cells gain resistance against the drug after prolonged molecular-targeted therapies. Imatinib-resistant EoL-1 (EoL-1-IR) cells were produced from chronic eosinophilic leukemia cells (EoL-1) after treatment with imatinib for a long duration. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis revealed numerous protein variations in the EoL-1 and EoL-1-IR sub-types. Compared to the EoL-1 cells, expression levels of TIP49, RBBP7, ${\alpha}$-enolase, adenosine deaminase, C protein, galactokinase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and human protein homologous to DROER were increased, whereas core I protein, proteasome subunit p42, heterogeneous ribonuclear particle protein, chain B, and nucleoside diphosphate were decreased in the EoL-1-IR cells. Taken together, these results contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of drug-resistant diseases.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.765-772
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• 2007

Eosinophils act as effectors in the inflammatory reactions of allergic diseases including atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis patients and others with allergic disorders suffer from eosinophilia, an accumulation of eosinophils due to increased survival or decreased apoptosis of eosinophils. In this study, a differential phosphoproteome analysis of AML14.3D10 eosinophil cell line after treatment with IL-5 or dexamethasone was conducted in an effort to identify the phosphoproteins involved in the proliferation or apoptosis of eosinophils. Proteins were separated by 2-DE and alterations in phosphoproteins were then detected by Pro-Q Diamond staining. The significant quantitative changes were shown in nineteen phosphoproteins including retinoblastoma binding protein 7, MTHSP75, and lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1. In addition, seven phosphoproteins including galactokinase I, and proapolipoprotein, were appeared after treatment with IL-5 or dexamethasone. Especially, the phospho-APOE protein was down-regulated in IL-5 treated AML14.3D10, while the more heavily phosphorylated APOE form was induced after dexamethasone treatment. These phosphoproteome data for the AML14.3D10 cell line may provide clues to understand the mechanism of eosinophilia as well as allergic disorders including atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.800-808
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• 2005

Leuconostoc mesenteroides SY1, an isolate from kimchi, was able to ferment $\alpha$-galactosides, such as melibiose and raffinose. $\alpha$-Galactosidase ($\alpha$-Gal) activity was higher in cells grown on melibiose and raffinose than cells grown on galactose, sucrose, and fructose. $\alpha$-Gal activity was not detected in cells grown on glucose, indicating the operation of carbon catabolite repression (CCR). A 6 kb DNA fragment was PCR amplified using a primer set based on the nucleotide sequence of a putative $\alpha$-galactosidase gene (aga) from L. mesenteroides ATCC 8293. Nucleotide sequencing of the 6 kb fragment confirmed the presence of aga and other genes involved in the galactosides utilization, and the gene order was galR (transcriptional regulator)-aga-gaIK (galactokinase)-gaIT (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase). Northern blotting experiment showed that aga, gaIK, and gaIT constituted the same operon, that the transcription was induced by galactosides, such as melibiose and raffinose, whereas gaIR was independently transcribed as a monocistronic gene, and that the level of transcription was fairly constant. The aga was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using pET26b(+) vector, and $\alpha$-Gal was accumulated in E. coli as an inclusion body.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.136-140
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• 2010

신생아 선천성 대사이상 선별검사에서 갈락토스혈증이 의심되는 경우, 혈관내피종과 같은 간 실질 내 종양을 동반할 수 있으므로 갈락토스혈증 관련 효소검사와 함께 간초음파 검사와 같은 영상학적 진단법, 총담즙산, AFP등의 측정을 병행하여야 원인감별에 도움이 된다. 저자들은 신생아 선천성 대사이상 질환 선별검사에서 갈락토스혈증이 의심되었던 생후 13일된 영아에 대하여 원인을 조사하던 중 복부초음파 검사에서 간 내 혈관내피종을 발견된 1례를 경험하였기에 이에 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.143-143
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• 2022

Plant defense systems against pathogens have been studied extensively and are currently a hot topic in plant science. Using a reverse genetics technique, this study looked into the involvement of the NO-downregulated NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily gene in plant growth and defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. For this purpose, the knockout and overexpressing plant of the candidate gene along with the relevant controls were exposed to control, oxidative and nitro-oxidative stresses. The results showed that candidate gene negatively regulates plants' root and shoot lengths. To investigate the role of the candidate gene in plant basal defense, R-gene-mediated resistance and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) plants were challenged with virulent or avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (Psf) DC3000. The results showed that the candidate gene negatively regulates plants' basal defense, R-gene-mediated resistance and SAR. Further characterization via GO analysis associated the candidate gene with metabolic and cellular processes and response to light stimulus, nucleotide binding and cellular location in the cytosol and nucleus. Protein structure analysis indicated the presence of a canonical Oxidoreductase family NAD (P)-binding Rossmann fold domain of 120 amino acids with a total of 121 plant homologs across 35 different plant species in the clad streptophyta. Arabidopsis eFP browser showed its expression in almost all the above-ground parts. Protein analysis indicated C225 and C359 as potential targets for S-Nitrosylation by NO. SMART analysis indicated possible interactions with mevalonate/galactokinase, galacturonic acid kinase, arabinose kinase, putative xylulose kinase, GroES-like zinc-binding alcohol dehydrogenase and various glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.440-446
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• 2003

목 적 : 갈락토스혈증은 유전성 대사 질환으로 상염색체 열성으로 유전되며 대표적으로 세 효소의 결핍에 의거하며 임상적 양상은 갈락토스에 대해 노출되면서 증상이 나타난다. 첫째는 GALT 결핍증, 둘째는 GALK 결핍증이고, 셋째는 GALE 결핍증이다. 현재 우리 나라에서 출생 후 갈락토스혈증에 대한 신생아 선별검사를 시행하고 있다. 우리 나라의 갈락토스혈증의 양상에 대해 알아보기 위해 저자들은 신생아기에 시행한 선별검사에서 이상소견을 보여 정밀검사를 시행하여 진단된 갈락토스혈증 환자에 대해 보고하는 바이다. 방 법: 신생아 선별검사에서 이상소견을 보여 생후 1개월에 순천향대학병원 소아과에서 정밀검사를 시행하여 갈락토스혈증이 확진된 환아들의 외래 및 입원 기록을 후향적으로 검토하였다. 내원 당시 갈락토스혈증을 확진하기 위해 갈락토스를 효소비색법과 형광측정법으로 측정하였고, 형광측정법으로 galactose-1-phosphate를 측정하였다. 적혈구 내의 GALK, GALT, GALE의 활성도, 그리고 galactose-1-phosphate를 동위원소 검사로 측정하였으며 Beutler 법을 시행하였다. 진단된 환아들에서는 유당제거 식이를 투여하면서 갈락토스와 galactose-1-phosphate를 추적검사 하였으며 의심되는 효소에 대한 추적 검사도 시행하였다. 결 과: 갈락토스혈증으로 확진받은 환아들은 총 10명이었고 그 중 남아가 6명, 여아가 4명이였다. 10명 중 GALK 결핍증이 2명, GALT 결핍증이 2명 그리고 GALE 결핍증이 6명으로 GALE 결핍증이 가장 많았다. 2명에서 GALK 결핍증이 진단되었으며 GALT와 GALE은 두 환아 모두에서 정상이면서 GALK가 각각 0.7, 8.02 nmol/min/g Hb로 감소되어 있어 GALK 결핍증으로 진단하였다. 1명의 환아의 경우 GALK가 심하게 감소되어 있었으며 2번 환아의 경우 2세와 3세에 추적 검사한 GALK가 각각 16.7, 16.8 nmol/min/g Hb로 1세 이후의 정상치인 20-30 보다 낮았으며 감소 정도로 보아 보인자로 생각되었다. GALT 결핍증의 경우 2명의 환아에서는 적혈구 내의 GALT의 활성도가 각각 6.7, $8.6{\mu}L/hr/g$ Hb로 정상보다 감소되어 있어 GALT 결핍증으로 진단하였으며 두 환아 모두 DNA분석에서 Duarte 2/G(galactosemia)의 유전형을 갖는 Duarte 2 variant galactosemia로 진단되었다. GALE 결핍증이 7명으로 가장 많았으며 GALE의 활성도는 6명 모두에서 정상보다 감소되어 있었다. 이들 중 3명은 적혈구 내의 GALE의 활성도가 진단시 각각 14.9, 9.2 $8.6{\mu}L/hr/g$ Hb이었고 추적 검사한 GALE의 활성도는 각각 14.8, 12.7, $12.21{\mu}L/hr/g$ Hb로 이들의 감소정도로 보아 GALE 결핍증 중 경증 또는 보인자로 생각되었다. 1명은 진단시 및 추적 검사한 GALE의 활성도가 각각 2.9, $6.46{\mu}L/hr/g$ Hb로 감소 정도로 보아 homozygote state로 추정되었다. 또한 다른 1명은 GALE의 활성도가 $6.8{\mu}L/hr/g$ Hb로 감소 정도로 보아 homozygote state로 추정되나 앞으로 추적 검사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 그 외에 4명의 환아들의 경우 효소의 결핍에 의한 갈락토스혈증이 아니라 GALK의 과다반응에 의해 갈락토스가 증가하는 소견을 보였다. 그러므로 갈락토스 농도가 증가하였을 때 GALK 과다반응의 경우를 감별해야한다. 결 론 : 본 연구의 경우 임상적으로 증상이 있었던 경우는 없었으며 GALE 결핍증이 가장 많았고 GALT 결핍증 환아들은 모두 보인자였다. 또한 유당 제거 식이 후 갈락토스와 galactose-1-phosphate는 정상 범위를 유지하였다. 신생아 선별검사를 통해 갈락토스혈증이 의심되는 경우 정밀검사를 통해 확진을 하여 갈락토스혈증이 어떤 병형인가를 알아내는 것이 예후에 중요하며 조기 치료를 하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.915-921
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• 2001

Phytase improves the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus in plant foods to humans and animals, and reduces the phosphorus pollution of animal waste. In order to express a high level of fungal phytase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, various expression vectors were constructed with different combinations of promoters, translation enhancers, signal peptides, and terminator. Three different promoters fused to the phytase gene (phyA) from Aspergillus niger were tested: a galactokinase (GAL1) promoter, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter, and yeast hybrid ADH2-GPD promoter consisting of alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2) and a GPD promoter. The signal peptides of phytase, glucose oxidase (GO), and rice amylase 1A(RAmy1A) were included. Plus, the translation enhancers of the ${\Omega}$ sequence and UTR70 from the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and spinach, respectively, were also tested. Among the recombinant vectors, pGphyA06 containing the GPD promoter, the ${\Omega}$ sequence, RAmy1A, and GAL7 terminator expressed the highest phytase activity in a culture filtrate, which was estimated at 20 IU/ml. An intracellular localization of the expressed phytase activity in a culture filtrate, which was estimated at 20 IU/ml. An intracellular localization of the expressed phytase was also performed by inserting an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, KDEL sequence, into the C-terminus of the phytase within the vector pHphyA-6. It appeared that the KDEL sequence directed most of the early expression of phytase into the intracellular compartment yet more than $60\%$ of the total phytase activity was still retained within the cell even after the prolonged (>3 days) incubation of the transformant. However, the intracellular enzyme activity of the transformant without a KDEL sequence was as high as that of the extracellular one, thereby strongly suggesting that the secretion of phytase in S. cerevisiae appeared to be the rate-limiting step for the expression of a large amount of extracellular recombinant phytase, when compared with other yeasts.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 유도성 promoter인 GAL1과 상시성 promoter인 GPD와 ADH1 promoter 하류에 사람 ferritin H-chain 유전자(hfL) 및 사람 ferritin L-chain 유전자(hfL)를 연결하여 재조합 plasmid를 구축하고 이들을 S. cerevisiae 2805에 형질 전환시켜 외래 유전자를 성공적으로 발현시켰다. Ferritin 발현에 미치는 promoter의 영향을 비교한 바, 이 두 단백질 생간에 있어서 GAL1 promoter가 GPD나 ABH1 promoter 보다 더 효율적이었다. GAL1 promoter를 사용한 형질 전환체 (YG-H와 YG-L)에서 H-chain의 발현율은 전체 수용성 단백질 중 4.5%에 해당하였고, L-chain의 발현율은 9.8%에 이르렀다. 각 균주에서 발현된 H 및 L subunit은 비변성 젤은 사용한 전기 영동의 결과 대장균에서 생산된 재조합 단백질과 마찬가지로 자발적으로 holoprotein으로 조합되어졌다. 재조합 H-와 L-ferritin들은 단백질 내공에 철을 축적할 수 있음이 Prussian blue 염색으로 확인되었다. 그리고 효모 세포를 10 mM ferric citrate를 함유한 배지에서 배양했을 때, H-ferritin과 L-ferritin을 생산하는 재조합 효모 균주에 있어서의 펄의 농도는 각각 174.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$ Per gram(dry cell weight)과 148.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$ Per gram(dry cell weight)이었고 야생형 효모 균주에 있어서의 털의 농도는 49.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$ Per gram(dry cell weight)이었다. 이것은 사람 ferritin 유전자를 효모 균주에 발현시킴으로써 효모의 철 함량이 증진되었음을 유추하는 결과이다.