• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.71-92
• /
• 2009

Europass was established in 2005 by the European Parliament and the Council of Europe as a single framework for language qualifications and competences, helping citizens to gain accreditation throughout the European Community. In addition, the 1996 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) provides a common basis for language syllabi, curriculum guidelines, examination, and textbooks in Europe. This framework describes the required knowledge and skills, the cultural context, and the levels of proficiency that learners should achieve. In combination, Europass and the CEFR provide employers and educational institutes with internationally recognized standards. This paper proposes that current trends such as globalization and international mobility require a similar approach to accreditation in Asia. As jobs and workers become independent of national boundaries and restrictions, it becomes necessary to educate students as multilingual world citizens, using standards that are accepted around the world. It is suggested, therefore, that assessment models such as Europass and the CEFR, along with successful language teaching models in Europe and Canada, present opportunities of adaptation for the Korean education system. Finally, rigorous teacher training to internationally recognized levels is recommended, if Korea is to produce a workforce of highly-skilled, plurilingual world citizens.

• 산업공학
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.178-187
• /
• 2000

In this paper, we investigate the system performance when the voice traffic is constructed as the ATM Adaptation Layer type 2(AAL-2) and then it is transmitted to the Base Station Controller(BSC) from the Base Station Transceiver Subsystem(BTS) through El link in International Mobile Telecommunication-2000 (IMT-2000) network. For this purpose, we first briefly describe the architecture of the BTS and the BSC, and then model it as a queueing network. By simulation study, we present the required processing time at traffic control blocks and the timeout time which should be set for multiplexing the user packets in the LIU(Line Interface Unit). Further, we evaluate the performance of physical links and the timeout probability that user packets can not be multiplexed within the established timeout time, and the multiplexing gain. Finally, we present the number of voice users who can be simultaneously admitted on one El link and 99.9% value of the transmission delay from the Radio Channel Element(RCE) to the Selector & Transcoder Subsystem(STS).

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2019

Spatial modulation (SM) is the first proposed space modulation technique. By further utilizing the quadrature spatial dimension, quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) has been developed as an amendment to SM system to enhance the overall spectral efficiency. Both techniques are capable of entirely eliminating interchannel interference (ICI) at the receiver. In this paper, we propose a simple adaptive hybrid switching transmission scheme to obtain better system performance than SM and QSM systems under a fixed transmission date rate. The presented modulator selection criterion for switching between spatial modulator and quadrature spatial modulator is based on the larger received minimum distance of spatial modulator and quadrature spatial modulator to exploit the spatial channel freedom. It is shown through Monte Carlo simulations that the proposed hybrid SM and QSM switching system yields lower error performance than the conventional SM and QSM systems under the same fixed data rate and thus can provide signal to noise ratio (SNR) gain.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제36권2B호
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2011

LTE-Advanced 시스템은 최대 15bps/Hz의 주파수 효율을 달성하기 위해 상향링크 다중 안테나 전송을 지원해야 한다 본 논문은 LTE-Advanced 상향링크 MIMO 시스템 구조를 제안하고 프리코딩에 의한 링크 적응방식을 고려하여 단말당 오류율을 줄이고 시스템 용량을 향상시키는데 기여할 수 있다 특히, $2{\times}4$ MIMO 시스템에서 최적의 프리코딩 행렬을 선택하여 랭크를 결정하는 방식을 제안하고 MMSE(minimum mean squared error) 수신기에 대한 SINR(signal-to-interference and noise ratio)을 유도한다. 제안 방식의 성능 검증을 위해 실질적인 MIMO 채널 모델에서 BLER(BLock Error Rate) 시뮬레이션을 수행한다. 제안 방식이 full-rank로 고정해서 보내는 경우 보다 더 좋은 성능을 발휘하며 MCS가 낮거나 고속 이동시에 더 큰 이득을 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제33권1A호
• /
• pp.50-58
• /
• 2008

다중사용자 무선 채널 환경에서 공간분할 다중접속 기법을 사용함으로서 전체 시스템의 전송률을 대폭 증가시킬 수 있다. 송신단에서 정확한 채널정보를 알고 있는 경우, 전송률을 적절하게 조절함으로서 시스템 성능을 보다 향상시킬 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 주파수 선택적 페이딩 특성을 갖는 광대역 무선 채널에서는 채널 부호화를 통해 채널 다이버시티를 활용하여 신뢰성이 높은 데이타 전송이 가능하도록 BIC-OFDM 기술을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 제한된 궤환정보를 이용한 기회적 스케줄링 기법과 결합된 적응 변조 시스템을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 기법은 주파수 다이버시티와 다중 사용자 다이버티시를 이용하여 링크 성능을 항샹시킬 수 있다. 또한, 적은양의 궤환정보를 위해 모든 부채널 대신 하나의 OFDM심볼을 기준으로 적응 변조 기법을 사용한다. 모의 실험에서는 본 논문에서 제안한 기법이 적절한 계산복잡도를 가지면서도 상당한 링크 성능 향상이 있음을 보여주고자 한다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.410-421
• /
• 2022

Objective: Two series of experiments were conducted to determine how the incremental levels of sodium metabisulfite (SMB)-treated fruit and vegetable discards (FVD) in diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows affect their performance and health. Methods: In Exp. 1, 36 Hanwoo heifers were stratified by age (13.3±0.83 mo) and initial body weight (305±19.7 kg), and divided randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 10%, or 20% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 110 d, including 20 d of adaptation. In Exp. 2, 24 multiparous Hanwoo cows were divided into three groups based on age (48.2±2.81 mo) and initial body condition score (2.64±0.33). Cows in each block were assigned randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 11%, or 22% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 80 d, including a 20-d adaptation period. In both experiments, SMB-treated FVD was used as a replacement for wet brewers grain in total mixed ration (TMR). Results: Growing heifers exhibited no differences in their daily feed intake (6.58±0.61 kg/d dry matter [DM]), average daily gain (0.60±0.07 kg/d), and body condition score when they consumed the incremental levels of SMB-treated FVD. Although most blood metabolites were unaffected by treatments, blood urea-N and β-hydroxybutyrate levels decreased linearly as the SMB-treated FVD level increased in TMR. Similar to Exp. 1, minor differences were found in daily feed intake (8.27±0.72 kg DM/d) and body condition score of Hanwoo cows. Most blood metabolites remained unaffected by treatments, but blood urea-N decreased as the SMB-treated FVD level in TMR increased. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SMB-treated FVD could be safely incorporated into the diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows, potentially improving N-use efficiency in the body while not impairing performance or health.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.142-150
• /
• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to assess effects of heat stress on growth performance, physiological parameters, and blood profiles of Hanwoo steers during early-fattening period in climate chambers. Methods: Four Hanwoo steers (body weight, 454.3±10.9 kg; age, 14±0.1 month) were allocated into four levels of temperature-humidity index (THI) in a 4×4 Latin square design for 21 days (pre-adaptation, 7 d; heat stress, 7 d; post-adaptation, 7 d) per period. Experimental treatments were assigned according to THI chart based on National Institute Animal Science (NIAS, 2022): Comfort (25.5℃ to 26.5℃, 60%; THI 73 to 75), Mild (28℃ to 29℃, 60%; THI 77 to 79), Moderate (29.5℃ to 30.5℃, 80%; THI 82 to 84), and Severe (31℃ to 32℃, 80%; THI 85 to 86) in separate climatic controlled chambers. Results: The dry matter intake (DMI) of the formula feed was lower in Severe compared to Mild and Comfort (p<0.05). The DMI of rice straw was the lowest in Severe and lower in Moderate than Comfort and Mild (p<0.05). Both average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of Severe and Moderate were lower than those of Mild and Comfort (p<0.05). Water intake was the highest in Severe and lower in Moderate compared with Comfort and Mild (p<0.05). Heart rate and rectal temperature increased as THI level increased (p<0.05). Glucose was the lowest in Severe and lower in Moderate compared to Comfort (p<0.05). On the contrary, non-esterified fatty acid was the highest in Severe and lower in Moderate compared with Comfort (p<0.05). Blood urea nitrogen of Moderate and Severe were higher than those of Comfort and Mild (p<0.05). Cortisol increased as THI increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the negative effects of heat stress on the performance and physiological responses of Hanwoo steers during the early-fattening period. In addition, it is judged that the THI chart for Hanwoo steers of National Institute of Animal Science (2022) was properly calculated.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1975

본 논문은 사진데이타에 쉽게 적용할수있는 한 adaptive data compression 방법을 노표시하였다. 이웃 sample data 사이의 높은 correlation때문에 발생할 부호화 복잡성을 간편한 sample difference data로 대처하였으며, 자단의 statistical nonstationarity에 적응키 위해서 여덟가지 부호(code)로 구성된 code set중에서 최적부호를 선택토록 하였다. code erst는 두가지 등장부호와 여섯가지 보완형 Shannon-Fanro 부호로 되었다. difference data의 확률분포는 Laplacian model로, entropy의 확률분포는 Gaussian model대 하였다. 부호선별 Paranleter로서 entropy와 Pr[차이값=0]=Po를 비교하였다. 콤퓨타 실험결과 이 adaptive coding 방법으로 2대 1의 데이타 감축비를 얻었다. 이 방법은 fixed coding에 비해서 데이타 감축비와 부호화효율에서 약 10%와 15%의 이득을 주었다. 또한 도는 entropy보다 휠신 편리한 부호선별 parameter인 중시에 entropy 경우와 1% 내외의 좋은 결과를 얻을수 있음이 확인되었다. This paper presents an adaptive data compression algorithm for video data. The coling complexity due to the high correlation in the given data sequence is alleviated by coding the difference data, sequence rather than the data sequence itself. The adaptation to the nonstationary statistics of the data is confined within a code set, which consists of two constant length cades and six modified Shannon·Fano codes. lt is assumed that the probability distributions of tile difference data sequence and of the data entropy are Laplacian and Gaussion, respectively. The adaptive coding performance is compared for two code selection criteria: entropy and pr[difference value=0]=po. It is shown that data compression ratio 2 : 1 is achievable with the adaptive coding. The gain by the adaptive coding over the fixed coding is shown to be about 10% in compression ratio and 15% in code efficiency. In addition, po is found to he not only a convenient criterion for code selection, but also such efficient a parameter as to perform almost like entropy.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제14권9호
• /
• pp.275-284
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 스트레스가 학교적응에 미치는 영향과 사회적지지의 매개효과를 분석함으로써, 청소년의 학교 적응력을 높이기 위한 방안을 모색하여 사회복지적 함의를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 경남지역 중학생을 대상으로 하여 자료를 수집하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스트레스는 사회적지지에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 스트레스가 많을수록 사회적지지가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적지지는 학교적응에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 사회적지지가 높을수록 학교적응은 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 스트레스는 청소년의 학교적응에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 스트레스가 높을수록 학교적응은 낮았다. 넷째, 사회적지지를 투입하여 스트레스 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 스트레스가 학교적응에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않고, 사회적지지를 거쳐 간접적으로 청소년의 학교적응에 영향을 미치는 완전 매개(full mediation)효과가 발견되었다. 즉, 스트레스가 높은 청소년은 사회적지지가 낮았고, 스트레스는 사회적지지를 거쳐 간접적으로 학교적응에 영향을 미치는 것이 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.727-733
• /
• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of arsenic ($As^{III}$) on lipid peroxidation, glutathione content and antioxidant enzymes in growing pigs. Ninety-six Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire crossbred growing pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts, respectively) were randomly assigned to four groups and each group was randomly assigned to three pens (four barrows and four gilts). The four groups received the same corn-soybean basal diet which was supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 30 mg/kg As respectively. Arsenic was added to the diet in the form of $As_2O_3$. The experiment lasted for seventy-eight days after a seven-day adaptation period. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were analyzed in serum, livers and kidneys of pigs. The results showed that pigs treated with 30 mg As/kg diet had a decreased average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and an increased feed/gain ratio (F/G) (p<0.05) compared to the controls. The levels of MDA significantly increased (p<0.05), and the contents of GSH and the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the pigs fed 30 mg As/kg diet. The results indicated that the mechanism of arsenic-induced oxidative stress in growing pigs involved lipid peroxidation, depletion of glutathione and decreased activities of some enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST, which are associated with free radical metabolism.