• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2008

B3 antibody specifically binds the $Lewis^Y$-related carbohydrate antigen of many carcinomas, and it is used as a model antibody in this study. In a previous study, the Fab fragment of the antibody was fused to a 38 kDa truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, PE38, to make Fab-PE38, where PE38 is fused to the Fd fragment of the Fab domain. This parent monomer molecule, Fab-PE38, had no cysteine in the hinge region, and it could not make a disulfide bond to form a disulfide bond bridged homodimer. In this study, we constructed three different kinds of divalent Fab-toxin fusion homodimers where the toxin is fused to the light chain of Fab, $(Fab-PE38fl)_2$. In addition to the PE38 toxin fused to the light chain, these three molecules have different hinge sequences hi, h2, and h3 making Fabh1-, Fabh2-, and Fabh3-PE38fl monomers, respectively. These hinges contain only one cysteine on different positions of the hinge sequence. The disulfide bond between the hinge region of two monomers forms homodimers $(Fabh1-PE38fl)_2$, $(Fabh2-PE38fl)_2$, and $(Fabh3-PE38fl)_2$. The refolding yields of these dimers were 5-16-fold higher than a previously constructed dimer where the PE38 was fused to the Fd fragment $(Fabh2-PE38)_2$ [8]. Our data suggest that the steric repulsion between the two PE38s in $(Fabh1-PE38)_2$ during disulfide bridge formation is relieved by fusing it at the end of the light chain. The best cytotoxicity value of these dimers showed about 2.5-fold higher on an MCF7 cell line than that of the monovalent reference molecule in ng/ml scale, which is 15-fold higher in pM scale.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 1997

Frequencies and the types of abnormal vertebrae in the juvenile of five cyprinid fishes collected from the Kumho River during 1995 and 1996 were examined. Types of vertebral anomalies in investigated species were spinal curvature, fused vertebrae, helical sutures of cetera and abnormal vertebrae with one or two additional spines. The frequencies and the types of vertebral anomalies were different among the species. Of all the examined species, the type with one or two additional spines showed the highest frequencies, 11.72~12.11%. The frequencies of fused vertebrae was 4.45~7.68%. Thes two types of vertebral anomalies were observed in all species. Among the several types of fused vertebrae, the frequencies of double fused vertebrae were higher than those of other types. Also, the incidence of fused vertebrae located in the caudal region of vertebral column was much higher than that in other regions. The percentages of spinal curvature and helical sutures of vertebrae in the investigated species were 0.02~0.15% and 0.02%, respectively. Among the examined specimens, vertebral anomalies include fused vertebrae and one or two additional spines were shown in the three species, Korean slender gudgeon (Squalidus gracilis majimae), False dace (Pseudorasbora parva) and Crucian carp (Carassius auratus). In addition to the two vertebral anomalies, spinal curvature was shown in the Korean gudgeon (Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae). Dark chub (Zacco temmincki) had fused vertebrae, one or two additional spines, spinal curvature, and helical sutures of vertebrae. This species has the most variable vertebral anomalies. Frequencies of fused vertebrae and one or two additional spines in the all tested fishes were not related with their standard lengths measured. However, spinal curvature and helical sutures of vertebrae were shown only in the specimens smaller than 20mm in standard length.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.169-178
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• 2022

Morphemes are most primitive units in a language that lose their original meaning when segmented into smaller parts. In Korean, a sentence is a sequence of eojeols (words) separated by spaces. Each eojeol comprises one or more morphemes. Korean morphological analysis (KMA) is to divide eojeols in a given Korean sentence into morpheme units. It also includes assigning appropriate part-of-speech(POS) tags to the resulting morphemes. KMA is one of the most important tasks in Korean natural language processing (NLP). Improving the performance of KMA is closely related to increasing performance of Korean NLP tasks. Recent research on KMA has begun to adopt the approach of machine translation (MT) models. MT is to convert a sequence (sentence) of units of one domain into a sequence (sentence) of units of another domain. Neural machine translation (NMT) stands for the approaches of MT that exploit neural network models. From a perspective of MT, KMA is to transform an input sequence of units belonging to the eojeol domain into a sequence of units in the morpheme domain. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model for KMA. The backbone of our model is based on the BERT-fused model which was shown to achieve high performance on NMT. The BERT-fused model utilizes Transformer, a representative model employed by NMT, and BERT which is a language representation model that has enabled a significant advance in NLP. The experimental results show that our model achieves 98.24 F1-Score.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.305-308
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• 1999

An all fiber coupler-type add/drop filter has been fabricated by writing a Bragg grating in the coupling region of a fused fiber coupler. Some testing results will be discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.322-324
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• 2007

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.517-519
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• 1994

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

The purpose of the study was to investigate the distribution of primary fused teeth and identify the correlation between primary fused teeth and their effect on permanent dentition. 2575 children between the age of 4 and 6 in Kyungpook National University Hospital from January 2009 to August 2015 were investigated. A total of 84 children (46 boys and 38 girls) had fused teeth. 14 of these children had two fused teeth. Prevalence of caries involvement was in 65% of maxilla and 6% of mandible. Prevalence of permanent successors missing was 86.3% in the cases involving maxillary central and lateral incisor, 70% in mandibular lateral incisor and cuspid, 11.7% in mandibular central and lateral incisor. 27 of 84 children (32.1%) had supernumerary teeth. The highest prevalence rate is seen in the cases involving maxillary central and lateral incisor. Delayed permanent tooth eruption was only observed in the maxilla because of developing supernumerary tooth. Early diagnosis of fused tooth in the primary dentition can allow the dentist to make treatment plan at the appropriate time in accordance with the tooth arrangement and tooth development.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Bone meal is commonly used as a phosphorus (P) fertilizer in organic farming. Effectiveness of bone meal was compared with mineral P fertilizer to elucidate the optimum application rates of bone meal in crop production. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of bone meal and fused phosphate on plant growth and P uptake were determined in a pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) in a clay loam soil. Bone meal and fused phosphate were applied at 150 and 300 mg $P_2O_5/kg$ soil, and maize was grown for 3 consecutive growth periods of 4 to 5 weeks each. As compared with fused phosphate, total shoot growth of maize per pot was 3-6% lower in bone meal fertilization, and the difference was not significant in the application of 300 mg $P_2O_5/kg$. At the same P application rate, uptake of P by maize plants was 7-9% lower in bone meal treatment. The P use efficiency in bone meal treatments ranged from 11.9-13.6%, equivalent to 73-84% of the efficiency for fused phosphate treatments. CONCLUSION: The equivalence of immediate effectiveness of bone meal as a P fertilizer was at least 90% compared with fused phosphate in the pot experiment with maize. The results indicate that bone meal could be a reasonable alternative to chemical P fertilizers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.13
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• pp.119-126
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• 1973

In order to investigate the effects of phosphorous fertilizer such as fused Phosphate, compound fertilizer and triple phosphate on barley(growth and yield at the fixed level of nitrogen and potassium, 4 level of hosphorous) has been tested at Suwon. Iri. Kwangju ani Daegu with randomized completeblock design. The results obtained could be summarized as follows. 1. In four locations. increased application of phosphorus have brought earlier maturity in barley regardless the type of fertilizer but fused phosphate considered to have more effects on stimulation of maturity of barley compare with the others. 3. Fused phosphate increased yield higher by-8kg/10a application compare with the same level of compound fertilizer and triple phosphate but there was no differences in yield at 12kg/10a phosphate but there was no differences in yield at 12kg/l0a application among the fertilizers except Kwangju and Suwon. 3. Grain weight was considerably higher in application of fused phosphate Thus are considered effects phosphate. 4. Optimum amount of phosphorous fertilizer was considered 8kg/l0a. Application of 4kg per 10a produced lower yield than 8kg and slightly or no increased yield was observed in 12kg application. 5. Among the 4kg/10a applied condition of phosphorous fertilizers, yield was decreased at fused phosphate treatment compare with the others and this fact resulted supposedly due to the lower portion of valid phosphorus in fused phosphate because of its citric acid solubility. At level of 12kg/10a application fused phosphate was considered more effective in yield increment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.194-201
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• 1996

To develop a method appropriate for mass production in a factory, we manufactured soy sauce with Bacillus species SSA3-2M1 and fused ST723-F31 at $30^{\circ}C$ with aeration of 1/3 vvm for 40 days. The flavor components extracted from the manufactured soy sauce were fractionated to neutral, acidic, basic and phenolic fraction and identified by GC-mass. Among the 60 kinds of identified flavor components, 16 and 23 components were detected in traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste, respectively. There were three peak regions that smelled like soy sauce with the GC sniffing test of flavor components and 2, 6-dimethyl pyrazine, benzaldehyde, 2-methoxy phenol, phenol and benzeneethanol which were identified as character impact compounds of traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste were identified in the region that smelled like soy sauce. It is therefore considered possible to achieve mass production of soy sauce with standard quality by Bacillus species SSA3-2M1 and fused ST723-F31 in the factory.