• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2022

Objective : This study aims to analyze the current use of body part terminology in Korean medicine formula data by comparing with ICD-11 body part terminology as a criteria. Methods : Body part terminology was extracted from the main treatment data within the Korean Medicine formula ontology and was analyzed in comparison with the ICD-11 body part terminology. Results : Out of 113 body part terminologies in Korean medicine, 92 were corresponded with ICD in a one-to-one, one-to-multi, or multi-to-one relation. Also, most body part terminologies were corresponded to superordinate concepts of ICD while 21 terminologies were not able to be corresponded to ICD. Conclusion : A majority of body part terminology in formula data could be corresponded to ICD but mostly refered to superordinate concepts. Results showed various types of corresponding relation which requires further study for precise and detailed correspondence. Also, study showed some terminologies were not applicable for correspondence which were mostly a unique body part concept of Korean medicine which requires further study to present Korean Medicine knowledge accurately in the language of ICD.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2023

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that involves exocrine glands. Shikonin is extracted from comfrey, which is conventionally used as an anti-tumor, antibacterial, and antiviral drug in China. However, the application of Shikonin in SS remains unreported. This study aimed to verify the potential functions of Shikonin in SS progression. Firstly, non-obese diabetic mice were used as the SS mouse model, with C57BL/6 mice serving as the healthy control. It was demonstrated that the salivary gland damage and inflammation were aggravated in the SS mouse model. Shikonin improved salivary gland function decline and injury in the SS mouse model. Moreover, Shikonin reduced inflammatory cytokines and immune infiltration in the SS mouse model. Further experiments discovered that Shikonin attenuated the MAPK signaling pathway in the SS mouse model. Lastly, inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway combined with Shikonin treatment further alleviated the symptoms of SS. In conclusion, Shikonin ameliorated salivary gland damage and inflammation in a mouse model of SS by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that Shikonin may be a useful drug for SS treatment.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2023

A Morel-Lavallée lesion results from a degloving injury between the muscle fascia and the subcutaneous layer. It is most commonly found in the trochanteric area but can occur at other sites. The treatment of the condition varies according to the medical circumstances, as well as the size and chronicity of the condition. A case of large (18×6 and 10×5 cm) bilateral posttraumatic Morel-Lavallée lesions with no underlying bone fracture is presented; the case occurred in a 49-year-old male patient 4 weeks posttrauma. Ultrasound scans showed bilateral large collections of anechoic fluid, which were aspirated under ultrasound guidance and further managed by compression bandages. There were no further complications. The objective of this case report is to present this unique and educational case, as well as to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Morel-Lavallée lesions. We conclude by discussing the importance of having a high index of suspicion to ensure early detection and prompt treatment of such lesions to avoid complications.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of Non-toxic bee venom (BV) and observe VAS change before and after Non-toxic BV treatment in pain patients. Methods We surveyed the clinical practitioners who treated with Non-toxic BV in pain patients who visited the Korean medical clinic. The questionnaire survey was conducted for clinical practitioners who agreed to participate after hearing the explanation for the purpose and characteristics of the questionnaire. Patients in the questionnaires were reviewed based on their medical records from July 1, 2016 to October 28, 2016. Results We received 445 cases and selected 403 cases finally. 2 cases, however, were not able to continue treatment for 3 weeks and were eliminated. Depending on when the pain occurred, we divided the 401 cases into three groups (Acute, Subacute, Chronic group). In all groups, VAS scores were significantly decreased after treatment. Adverse reactions following Non-toxic BV treatment had occurred was 16 cases (3.60%). Except for 3 cases with hives, most of adverse reactions were mild or moderate and were not in need of extra treatment. The total safety of treatment for 3 weeks was mostly safe. The number of cases discontinued treatment was 42 cases (9.44%). Most of these cases, treatment was stopped for personal reason unrelated to the Non-toxic BV treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that the Non-toxic BV treatment has no serious adverse reactions and is a relatively safe treatment. Further studies are needed to prove the efficacy and clinical safety of Non-toxic BV treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.573-576
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• 2006

The efficacy of integrated ozone oxidation-biodegradation treatment was examined in the treatment of petrochemical wastewater with a special focus on the overall treatment time. When raw wastewater with chemical oxygen demand(COD) of 70-80 mg/L was oxidized by ozone, approximately 20% of initial COD was removed in less than 1.5 min at a dosing rate of 400 mg $O_3/L{\cdot}h $. No further decrease in COD was observed for the extended ozone treatment up to 30 min. Biological treatment alone showed a rapid reduction of COD to 40-50 mg/L, subsequently resulting in the decreased rate of COD removal. Pre-treatment by ozone before biological treatment did not significantly affect the specific rate of COD removal in a biological treatment. When ozone oxidation followed biological treatment, the extent of COD removal by ozone oxidation was greater compared to that of biologically-treated wastewater for a shorter time. Taken together, it was decided that the biological treatment time could be reduced if the treatment processes of concern will be properly arranged.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to investigate conservative treatment of pelvic fracture, and report that Korean rehabilitation treatment is effective for pelvic fracture. We reported a case about pelvic fracture treated with Korean rehabilitation treatment. We searched 10 domestic electronic databases to find reports on conservative treatment of pelvic fracture. We selected and analyzed 12 studies. In this case, pain, range of motion, and Oswestry Disability Index of patient were improved by Korean rehabilitation treatment. In analysis, traction, pelvic sling, hip spica cast, pelvic belt, medication are used in western medical treatment. Acupuncture, herbal medicine, cupping, moxibustion, physical therapy, manual therapy are used in Korean medical treatment. Most of conservative treatments are effective for pain, bone union, osteoporosis, dysfunction. In this study, we expect further study of Korean rehabilitation treatment program for pelvic fracture to compensate existing conservative treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

The pathogen Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common cause of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease worldwide. The decision to initiate long-term antibiotic treatment is difficult for the physician due to inconsistent disease progression and adverse effects associated with the antibiotic treatment. The prognostic factors for the progression of MAC pulmonary disease are low body mass index, poor nutritional status, presence of cavitary lesion(s), extensive disease, and a positive acid-fast bacilli smear. A regimen consisting of macrolides (clarithromycin or azithromycin) with rifampin and ethambutol has been recommended; this regimen significantly improves the treatment of MAC pulmonary disease and should be maintained for at least 12 months after negative sputum culture conversion. However, the rates of default and disease recurrence after treatment completion are still high. Moreover, treatment failure or macrolide resistance can occur, although in some refractory cases, surgical lung resection can improve treatment outcomes. However, surgical resection should be carefully performed in a well-equipped center and be based on a rigorous risk-benefit analysis in a multidisciplinary setting. New therapies, including clofazimine, inhaled amikacin, and bedaquiline, have shown promising results for the treatment of MAC pulmonary disease, especially in patients with treatment failure or macrolide-resistant MAC pulmonary disease. However, further evidence of the efficacy and safety of these new treatment regimens is needed. Also, a new consensus is needed for treatment outcome definitions as widespread use of these definitions could increase the quality of evidence for the treatment of MAC pulmonary disease.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.266-272
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the therapeutic effect of closed reduction according to a classification in patients with nasal bone fracture. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 186 patients with a mean age of 38 years (range: 7 to 80 years). All patients were diagnosed by clinical and radiologic examination, and then classified according to Hwang's classification by computed tomography. The patients were further classified by their age, gender, causes of fracture, operation timing after fracture, concurrent facial bone fracture, and complications. All patients underwent the same reduction and treatment protocol and were then followed up regularly for at least three months. Results: The cause of the fracture was slip down, and the highest prevalence was shown in the 20s. The mean operation timing after fracture was 4.1 days (range: 1 to 14 days), and it tended to be longer in the case of defected septal bone or more severe fracture. The most common concurrent facial bone fracture was orbital blow-out fracture, and zygomaticomaxillary complex and maxillary fracture occured frequently. The largest number of complications occurred in class III and IIBs patients, and the main complication was postoperative pain. Conclusion: Results of nasal bone closed reduction on the 186 patients showed that serious complications rarely occurred. Closed reduction is generally an effective treatment for nasal bone fracture. However, in the case of severe concurrent septal bone fracture or comminuted fracture with depression, open reduction should be considered. Further study with a larger number of patients and further classification is required.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2003

The heavy metal cadmium is a xenobiotic toxicant of environmental and occupational concern and it has been classified as a human carcinogen. Inhalation of cadmium has been implicated in the development of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, but, the detailed mechanism by which cadmium induces adverse biological effects is not yet known. Therefore, we undertook the investigation of genes that are induced after cadmium exposure to illustrate the mechanism of cadmium toxicity For this purpose, we employed the polymerase chain reaction-based suppression subtractive hybridization technique. We identified 29 different cadmium-inducible genes in human peripheral mononuclear cells, such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-${\alpha}$, enolase-1${\alpha}$, VEGF, Bax, neuron-derived orphan receptor-1, and Nur77, which are known to be associated with inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Induction of these genes by cadmium treatment was further confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Further, we found that these genes were also induced after cadmium exposure in normal human lung fibroblast cell line, WI-38, suggesting potential use of this induction profile to monitor cadmium toxicity in the lung. Next, Nur77, one of cadmium-inducible genes, was further studied since the products of Nur77 are known to be involved in the apoptotic process of lung cells. Following cadmium treatment, Nur77 gene expression was increased at protein-level in A549 cells. Consistently, the reporter containing Nur77 binding sequence was activated by 2.5-fold after exposure to cadmium in reporter gene analysis by transient transfection experiments. When the plasmid encoding dominant negative Nur77 that represses the transcriptional function of wild-type Nur77 was transfected into A549 cells, the expression of Bax was significantly reduced, suggesting that induction of Nur77 was an important process in cadmium-induced apoptosis in the cells. Cadmium induced the expression of Nur77 in vivo, confirming the relevance of the data obtained in viro. Together our results suggest that Nur77 gene expression in exposure to cadmium leads apoptosis of lung cells which may cause pathological changes in lung.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2291-2295
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• 2016

Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting HER 2 receptors have emerged as an important therapeutic approach in inhibition of downstream proliferation and survival signals for the treatment of breast cancers. Recent drug discovery efforts have demonstrated that naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds like delphinidin have potential to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of breast cancer cells by targeting HER2 receptors. While delphinidin may thus reduce tumour size, it is associated with serious side effects like dysphonia. Owing to the narrow therapeutic window of delphinidin, the present study aimed to identify high affinity compounds targeting HER2 with safer pharmacological profiles than delphinidin through virtual screening approaches. Delphinidin served as the query parent for identification of structurally similar compounds by Tanimoto-based similarity searching with a threshold of 95% against the PubChem database. The compounds retrieved were further subjected to Lipinski and Verber's filters to obtain drug like agents, then further filtered by diversity based screens with a cut off of 0.6. The compound with Pubchem ID: 91596862 was identified to have higher affinity than its parent. In addition it also proved to be non-toxic with a better ADMET profile and higher kinase activity. The compound identified in the study can be put to further in vitro drug testing to complement the present study.