• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.317-325
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• 2022

Endophytic fungi occupy various ecological niches, which reinforces their diversity. As few studies have investigated the endophytic fungi of alpine conifers, we focused on four species of alpine conifers in this study-Abies nephrolepis, Pinus pumila, Taxus cuspidata var. nana, and Thuja koraiensis-and examined them for endophytic fungi. A total of 108 endophytic fungi were isolated. There were four taxa in A. nephrolepis, 12 in P. pumila, 18 in T. cuspidata var. nana, and 17 in T. koraiensis; these were divided into five classes: Agaricomycetes (3.2%), Dothideomycetes (29.0%), Leotiomycetes (15.0%), Sordariomycetes (41.9%), and Orbiliomycetes (1.6%). The most prevalent fungi were Sydowia polyspora (22.7%) and Xylariaceae sp. (22.7%) in P. pumila, Phomopsis juglandina (16.1%) in T. cuspidate var. nana, and Thuja-endophytes sp. 1 (70.0%) in T. koraiensis. However, there was no dominant species growing in A. nephrolepis. Some host plants were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. We obtained 4618 reads for A. nephrolepis and 2268 reads for T. koraiensis. At the genus level, the top three endophytic fungi were Ophiostomataceae_uc (64.6%), Nectriaceae_uc (15.5%), and unclassified organism (18.0%) in A. nephrolepis and Nectriaceae_uc (41.9%), Ophiostomataceae_uc (41.8%), and Magnaporthaceae_uc (9.2%) in T. koraiensis. Our results show that there are different communities of endophytic fungi among different host plants, even if the host plants are in the same region. Such ecological niches are important in terms of the ecological restoration of alpine conifers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 1976

In the studies of microbiological utilization of cellulosic wastes, cellulolytic fungi were isolated and screened out. At the first stage, 221 cellulolytic fungi were isolated from different sources such as soils, humus, composts and rotten wood debris by enrichment culture techniques. In the second stage, 36 strains of fungi out of those previously isolated were selected for their cellulase activities estimated by means of filter paper degradation, carboxy methyl cellulose liquefaction and cup method. Activities of C$_1$-cellulase, C$\sub$x/-cellulase and filter paper activity were adopted on the final screening stage and five different strains which are tentatively identified as Aspergillus sp.(strain No. AS-9), Penicillium sp. (strain No. KNI-1-2), Trichoderma, sp. (strain No. KI-7-2, KI-7-5, KI-4-1-1B) were selected for their high potency of C$_1$ and C$\sub$x/-cellulase activities. When rice straw milled and treated with NH$_4$OH was hydrolyzed with the crude enzyme Prepared from the culture broth of Trichoderma sp. (strain No. KI-4-1-1B), saccharification rate was obtained up to 26％.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.651-658
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• 2010

Garcinia is commonly found in Malaysia, but limited information is available regarding endophytic fungi associated with this plant. In this study, 24 endophytic fungi were successfully recovered from different parts of two Garcinia species. Characterization of endophytic fungi was performed based on the conserved internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence analysis and the antimicrobial properties. Results revealed that fruits of the plant appeared to be the highest inhabitation site (38%) as compared with others. Glomerella sp., Guignardia sp., and Phomopsis sp. appeared to be the predominant endophytic fungi group in Garcinia mangostana and Garcinia parvifolia. Phylogenetic relationships of the isolated endophytic fungi were estimated from the sequences of the ITS region. On the other hand, antibacterial screening showed 11 of the isolates possessed positive response towards pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. However, there was no direct association between certain antibacterial properties with the specific genus observed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 1988

Five nematophagous fungi were evaluated for their nematicidal effect in vitro on Rhabditis sp. and Meloidogyne hapla in soil. Inocula of Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides, A. conoides, A. oligospora, Dactylella lobata, and Fusarium oxyaporum were grown in moistened corn-sandy soil and chopped potato-sandy soil media, and incubated at 26$^{\circ}C$ for one week. The prepared inocula were incorporated in autoclaved sandy soil, mixing thoroughly at rates equ-invalent to 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:400, repectively, before 80g of the mixture carrying 100 Rhabditis sp. was put into petri plates. Nematophagous fungi effectively teduced the popuation of Rhabditis sp. in soil in a week or two following treatment of the incula at concentration of 1:50 and 1:100. The optimum was at $25^{\circ}C$ for nematicidial effect as high as 80-100%. The at the rate of 1:100 prepared incula were incorporated in auto-claved soil, where 100 Juveniles M. hapla were introduced per 80% soil. All fungi infected the M. hapla effectively in soil, caysing more than 90% mortality within one week. This result indicated the potential value of these fungi as promising biocontrol agents.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 1998

Fugi are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic, filamentous or unicellular organisms, most of which grow on nonliving materials as saphrophytes. The majority are therefore opportunistic pathogens and predisposing factors often contribute to the establishment of fungal infection. These include an alteration in the normal flora of the host by prolonged administration of antibiotics, immunosup-pression, concurrent infections, damage to the skin or mucous membranes, constantly moist areas of skin or the exposure to a large infective dose, and as with fungal spores. Fungi may cause a variety of diseases which may be due directly to fungal invasion of tissue or more often to the ingestion of toxins produces by fungi in growing, standing or stored grains and other animals feeds. In this experiment, contaminated fugi were isolated and identified from animal feedstuffs such as Korean cattle, milking cows, pigs and chickens. Twelve genues were isolated from animal feeds, they are 9 from Korean cattle and milking cows feeds, 6 from pigs feeds, and 10 from chickens feeds. Among them, most frequently encountered species was Yeast(56 strains), followed by Fusarium sp(41 strains), Aspergillus sp(20 strains), each of Micorsporum sp and Trichophyton sp(17 strains), Penicilium sp(12 strains), in order. And also minority was isolated as Candide sp(4 strains), Trichoderma sp(3 strains), each of Epidermophytom sp and Absida sp(2 strains), and each of Sporothrix sp and Maduromyces sp(1 strain). Among the Aspergillus sp 20 isolates, A flavus(5 strains), A nidulans(4 strains), A fumigatus(3 strains), A glucans(3 strains), A niger(3 strains) and A terreus(2 strains) were identified.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1979

The damaging effects of hemp and cotton by Aspergillus sp, and penicillum sp, which grow successfully on cotton were studied. The damages were measured after cultivated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days the fabrics with Aspergillus sp,and Penicillum sp, respectically, in various conditions. The effects of cell-free extract produced from fungus were also investigated. The results of obtained could be summeried as follows : 1) Cultivation of fungi on fibre in malt extract agar was better than that in czapeck agar. 2) Tnsile strength of the fabrics was deteriortated most easily in czapeak agar at the rae of 49.8%. 3)Growth of fungi was promoted by starching the fibre but tensile strength was felled -off , however, by starching, propagation of fungi was superior on cotton to on hemp. 4) In case of hemp, propagation of fungi was inferior to in case of cotton but the tensile strength was deteriorated at the rate of 26-33%. 5) In case of starched hemp, the tensile strength was deteriorated Slowly in first 8 days, but after 8 days there was no particular change. There was no particular change of tensile strength by starching in cotton. 6) It seemed that a damage of fibre was accelerated because the fungus grow not only on the surface of fabrics but also the inner of those. 7) By treatment of cell-free produced form fungi, the tensile strength of hemp falled off at the rate of 50-65% in first 24 hours, since then the tensile strength was deteriorated slowly for 4 days, but after incubation for 4 days was not changed. But the tensile strength of cotton by cell-free extracts was not effected.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 1972

The determination of fungi in various kind of rice-cakes have been carried out in order to information of the toxigenic fungi in Korean rice-cakes. The results as follows: 1. Predominant genera of fungi in most rice-cakes were Pencillium sp.(32.2%) and Aspergillus sp.(30.1%). 2. Of the 63 various rice-cakes, 143 strains of fungi were isolated and 135 strains were possible to identify into 9 genera. 3. Artemisia asiatics and some kind of colouring matters have been an antifungal activity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 1987

The author isolated high cellulolytic fungi from natural sources and determined optimal condition of protoplast formation and fusion as fundamental step for improvement of the isolated it's cellulolytic ability. Three different cellulolytic fungi, such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp., were isolated from soil. Their cellulolytic activities were compared with that of Aspergillus niger which was useful industrially and had cellulase activity. It was Aspergillus sp. that showed the highest activity of all these four fungi. And then it was followed by Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., and Aspergillus niger in order. An auxotrophic mutant of Aspergillus sp. was obtained by UV mutagenesis method. Having try to produce protoplast from mycelia, the author found that ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, at pH 6.0, was effective cell-wall lytic enzyme. And the optimal concentration of this enzyme was 5,000 unit/ml. Regeneration rates of wild type, met. auxotroph and arg. auxotroph, in presence of osmotic stabilizer, were 7. 0%, 7. 5% and 5.2%, respectively. PEG with M.W. 6,000 was effective stimulator for protoplast fusion in the concentration of 30% (W IV). In such a condition, we obtained 1.2% cell fusion rate.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2013

To isolate a novel antifungal compound, we obtained 571 kinds of endolichenic fungi from Lichen Bioresources Center and examined their antifungal abilities. Four fungi Stereocaulon sp. (1429), Stereocaulon sp. (1430), Cryptosporiopsis sp. (0156), and Graphis sp. (1245) showed high antifungal activity against Candida albicans when they grew in both liquid and solid media. We extracted the culture supernatants of these fungi with chloroform and then ethyl acetate. The chloroform fraction exhibited the highest anti-fungal activities when those fractions were examined for the growth inhibition of Candida albicans with disc diffusion method. To see information for the inhibitor present in chloroform fraction we employed GC-MS for the fractions of Stereocaulon sp. (1429). We found that hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, decanoic acid, hexadecanonic acid-methyl ester, 14-octadecenoic acid-methyl ester, and octadecenoic acid-methyl ester were present more in chloroform fraction than in ethylacetate fraction. This indicates that those compounds could be possible antifungal candidates since antifungal activity of chloroform extract was two times higher than that of ethyl acetate extract.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 1980

Microorganisms growing on Dried-Persimmon have heed isolated ana identified. Fluorescent substance were extracted from a putrefactive Dried-Persimmon after invaded Toxigenic Fungi, and compared with Aflatoxin by Thin layer chromatography and u. v. absorption spectra. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Fungal invasion was frequently appeared at the beginning of storage, and after then Bacteria invasion was followed. 2) Several Genera of microorganisms (Aspergillus sp., Escherichia sp., Mucor sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. ) were observed in Dried-persimmon during storage. Aspergillus sp., one of all Genus was predominant. 3) Two strains (Aspergillus flavus Group, Penicillium citrimum Series) of 6 Fungi had Fluorescent substance, which was presumed Aflatoxin-like substance. 4) The Rf value of T. L. C. ana λ max of u. v. absorption spectra showed the same value as the standard of Aflatoxin. It is suppose that the Fluorescent substance in Dried-Persimmon is a Aflatoxin-like substance.