• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2010

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease that develops following repeated exposure to inhaled particulate antigens. The family of $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors ($Fc{\gamma}Rs$) has emerged as central regulators for modulating both pro-and anti-inflammatory responses. However, the role of $Fc{\gamma}Rs$ in the development of HP has not been investigated yet. Methods: To explore the functional roles of $Fc{\gamma}Rs$ in HP, $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ and B6 mice were challenged with Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) antigen intranasally, and compared these mice in terms of the histological change, infiltrated immune cells in BALF and in vitro immune responses. Results: $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice exhibited attenuation of HP in terms of histological alterations, and reduced numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in and the increased CD4 : CD8 ratio of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The lungs of $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice showed high production of Th2 cytokine such as IL-4 and slightly low production of Th1 cytokine, INF-${\gamma}$ compared to those of B6 mice. However, SR-specific adaptive immune responses of $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice were similar to those of B6 mice. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that activating $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors play an important role in activating neutrophils and macrophages in pulmonary inflammation and inducing Th1 differentiation by regulating cytokine expression in SR-induced HP.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1451-1459
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• 2004

Purpose. With a sample of cognitively impaired nursing home residents and nursing staff, the following were examined 1) the proportion and nature of aggressive behavior, 2) the frequency and types of aggressive behavior, 3) the difference between the residents who demonstrate aggressive behavior and those who do not demonstrate aggressive behavior (age, mental status, functional status, and pain, length of nursing home stay), and 4) nursing staff responses to aggressive behavior by residents. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Data were collected from cognitively impaired nursing home residents (N=205) and nursing staff (N=60) at two nursing homes using Ryden Aggression Scale I and II, Mini-Mental State Exam, Modified Barthel Index, Verbal Descriptor Scale, and aggressive behavior management questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including t-test. Results. About $62.9\%$ residents were found to be aggressive and $38.5\%$ were both physically and verbally aggressive. Pushing, making threatening gestures, hitting, slapping, cursing/obscene/vulgar languages, making verbal threats were occurred frequently. Aggressive residents were significantly older, had more cognitive impairment, had more pain, and stayed longer in the nursing home when compared with non-aggressive residents. Considerable proportion of nursing staff responded to aggressive behaviors inadequately. Conclusion. Aggressive behavior among cognitively impaired nursing home residents is prevalent thus needs to be prevented and reduced. Along with environmental modification, educational programs for nursing staff and family caregivers need to be developed and implemented so that they can have extensive knowledge and skills to manage aggressive behaviors.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1058-1068
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• 2007

The post-translational modifications of Ser and Thr residues by O-linked $\beta$-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), i.e., O-GlcNAcylation, is considered a key means of regulating signaling, in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the increased flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) stimulates O-GlcNAcylation, and that this may be responsible for many of the manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To determine whether excessive O-GlcNAcylation of target proteins results in pancreatic $\beta$ cell dysfunction, we increased nucleocytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation levels in $\beta$ cells by exposing them to streptozotocin and/or glucosamine. Streptozotocin and glucosamine co-treatment increased O-GlcNAcylated proteomic patterns as assessed by immunoblotting, and these increases in nuclear and cytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylations were accompanied by impaired insulin secretion and enhanced apoptosis in pancreatic $\beta$ cells. This observed $\beta$cell dysfunction prompted us to examine Akt and Bcl-2 family member proteins to determine which proteins are O-GlcNAcylated under conditions of high HBP throughput, and how these proteins are associated with $\beta$ cell apoptosis. Eventually, we identified ten new O-GlcNAcylated proteins that were expressed during $\beta$ cell apoptosis, and analyzed the functional implications of these proteins in relation to pancreatic $\beta$ cell dysfunction.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.621-631
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• 2017

Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and VRK3 are members of the VRK family of serine/threonine kinases and are principally localized in the nucleus. Despite the crucial roles of VRK1/VRK3 in physiology and disease, the molecular and functional interactions of VRK1/VRK3 are poorly understood. Here, we identified over 200 unreported VRK1/VRK3-interacting candidate proteins by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS. The networks of VRK1 and VRK3 interactomes were found to be associated with important biological processes such as the cell cycle, DNA repair, chromatin assembly, and RNA processing. Interactions of interacting proteins with VRK1/VRK3 were confirmed by biochemical assays. We also found that phosphorylations of XRCC5 were regulated by both VRK1/VRK3, and that of CCNB1 was regulated by VRK3. In liver cancer cells and tissues, VRK1/VRK3 were highly upregulated and its depletion affected cell cycle progression in the different phases. VRK3 seemed to affect S phase progression and G2 or M phase entry and exit, whereas VRK1 affects G1/S transition in the liver cancer, which could be explained by different interacting candidate proteins. Thus, this study not only provides a resource for investigating the unidentified functions of VRK1/VRK3, but also an insight into the regulatory roles of VRK1/VRK3 in biological processes.

• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.147-161
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• 2015

Brown algal extracts have long been used as feed supplements to promote health of farm animals. Here, we show new molecular insights in to the mechanism of action of a fucose containing polymer (FCP) rich fraction from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 infection model. FCP enhanced survival of C. elegans against pathogen stress, correlated with up-regulation of key immune response genes such as: lipases, lysozyme (lys-1), saponin-like protein (spp-1), thaumatin-like protein (tlp-1), matridin SK domain protein (msk-1), antibacterial protein (abf-1), and lectin family protein (lfp). Further, FCP caused down regulation of P. aeruginosa quorum sensing genes: (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR), secreted virulence factors (lipase, proteases, and elastases) and toxic metabolites (pyocyanin, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophore). Biofilm formation and motility of pathogenic bacteria were also greatly attenuated when the culture media were treated with FCP. Interestingly, FCP failed to mitigate the pathogen stress in skn-1, daf-2, and pmk-1 mutants of C. elegans. This indicated that, FCP treatment acted on the regulation of fundamental innate immune pathways, which are conserved across the majority of organisms including humans. This study suggests the possible use of FCP, a seaweed component, as a functional food source for healthy living.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6215-6223
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• 2015

Tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating human physiological and pathological processes. Functional stabilization of tyrosine phosphorylation largely contributes to the balanced, coordinated regulation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Research has revealed PTPs play an important suppressive role in carcinogenesis and progression by reversing oncoprotein functions. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase O (PTPRO) as one member of the PTPs family has also been identified to have some roles in tumor development. Some reports have shown PTPRO over-expression in tumors can not only inhibit the frequency of tumor cell division and induce tumor cell death, but also suppress migration. However, the tumor-suppression mechanisms are very complex and understanding is incomplete, which in some degree blocks the further development of PTPRO. Hence, in order to resolve this problem, we here have summarized research findings to draw meaningful conclusions. We found tumor-suppression mechanisms of PTPRO to be diverse, such as controlling G0/G1 of the tumor cell proliferation cycle, inhibiting substrate phosphorylation, down-regulating transcription activators and other activities. In clinical anticancer efforts, expression level of PTPRO in tumors can not only serve as a biomarker to monitor the prognosis of patients, but act as an epigenetic biomarker for noninvasive diagnosis. In addition, the re-activation of PTPRO in tumor tissues, not only can induce tumor volume reduction, but also enhance the susceptibility to chemotherapy drugs. So, we can propose that these research findings of PTPRO will not only support new study ideas and directions for other tumor-suppressors, importantly, but also supply a theoretical basis for researching new molecular targeting agents in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2017

Though the Platycodon grandiflorum, has a broad range of pharmacologic properties, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In order to profile proteins from the nodal segment, callus, root and shoot, high throughput proteome approach was executed in the present study. Two-dimensional gels stained with CBB, a total of 84 differential expressed proteins were confirmed out of 839 protein spots using image analysis by Progenesis SameSpot software. Out of total differential expressed spots, 58 differential expressed protein spots (${\geq}2-fold$) were analyzed using MASCOT search engine according to the similarity of sequences with previously characterized proteins along with the UniProt database. Out of 58 differential expressed protein, 32 protein spots were up-regulated such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, endoplasmic oxidoreductin-1, heat stress transcription factor A3, RNA pseudourine synthase 4, cysteine proteinase, GntR family transcriptional regulator, E3 xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferase, while 26 differential protein spots were down-regulated such as L-ascorbate oxidase precursor, late embryogenesis abundant protein D-34, putative SCO1 protein, oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 3. However, the frequency distribution of identified proteins using iProClass databases, and assignment by function based on gene ontology revealed that the identified proteins from the explants were mainly associated with the nucleic acid binding (17%), transferase activity (14%) and ion binding (12%). Taken together, the protein profile may provide insight clues for better understanding the characteristics of proteins and its metabolic activities in various explants of this essential medicinal plant P. grandiflorum.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1177-1181
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• 2003

Chinese cabbage is a vegetable of Cruciferous family. It was usually consumed as Kimchi. It was known to have amount of vitamin c. Recently the trend for the development of functional food combined with oriental herbs. For this aim the study was performed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect via antioxidant activity of leaf and root of Sanchon Chinese cabbage(Brassica campetris L.) comparatively. The methanol extracts of Chinese cabbage were tested for investigating the effects on the formation of lipid peroxide and the activities of free radical generating enzyme in vitro in bromobenzene-treated rats. The methanol extracts of chinese cabbage reduced bromobenzene-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation and inhibited the activity of xanthine oxidase. The methanol extracts of chinese cabbage did not activate amionopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and glutathione S-transferase. Epoxide hydrolase activity was decreased by bromobenzene, which was restored by pretreatment of the methanol extracts of chinese cabbage. The results suggest that the methanol extracts of Chinese cabbage is reduced by enhancing the activity of epoxide hydrolase.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.494-497
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• 2006

A child with five delay, five ankylosis, five weakening needs to take herbal medicine for a long term. So safety, efficacy inspection for the long term usage of herbal medicine and mixed dose is needed because other medication or functional health foods, etc could be taken during this process. Operated liver function test before and after dosing herbal medicine to one hundred and sixty children who aided private oriental medicine located in Seoul, and measured the efficacy by comparing sleeping hours, morbidity, stamina, sanguineness, personality, digestion with the state before taking herbal medicine based on questionnaire done by the parents. Every children were under the limits, and there were no differences between boys and girls, and no notable differences according to family histories. There were positive results in efficacy inspection ordered as improvement in personality, stamina, sanguineness, decrease in morbidity, increase in appetite, digestion. No signs of disorder in liver function has been found during the dose of herbal medicine or simultaneous medicine, and shown promotion of health.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2018

Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that causes abnormal dentin formation and tooth morphology. Affected teeth show very thin dentin and large pulp chamber. Immediately after their eruption, the teeth tend to be destroyed rapidly. Early dental intervention is recommended to improve the feeding capacity and quality of life for the child, to maintain vertical dimension, and to promote healthy and functional dentition. This case report describes a treatment for a 4-year-2-month-old girl whose primary and permanent dentition were affected by Dentinogenesis Imperfecta. Shell teeth were observed in the entire primary dentition. The pulp of most teeth was exposed and the patient complained of pain. Most paternal family members were transferred to the Dentinogenesis Imperfecta. She needed an extensive dental treatment, but her compliance could not be expected because she was very young and anxious. So we decided to treat her under general anesthesia. All molar teeth are restored with Stainless Steel crown. Maxillary anterior teeth were extracted and mandibular anterior teeth are restored with composite resin. The patient's pain disappeared and masticatory function was restored.