• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1362-1368
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• 2020

Purpose. In this study, The change of the accommodation function due to the use of a smartphone was objectively evaluated using an Auto Refractokeratometer and was to investigate the effect of accommodation response and microfluctuations of accommodation on stable fatigue. Methods. Twenty subjects (20 males, 20 females) who had no abnormalities in ophthalmic disease and strabismus, diplopia, suppression, convergence and ocular movement, and corrected visual acuity and unaided visual acuity of 0.8 or more were performed. The average age of the participants is (21.78 ± 1.78) years old. The refractive power of the eye was measured using an Auto Refractokeratometer (Speedy-i K-model, Righton Mfg Co. Tokyo Japan), and the equivalent spherical power was automatically calculated from the measured refractive power. The accommodation response amount was calculated for the accommodation stimulation amount in 8 steps in 0.5D increments from + 0.50D to -3.00D in the calculated equivalent spherical power. The microfluctuations of accommodation in the high frequency region was calculated according to the change in the amount of the accommodation stimulus. At this time, the spectral power of the microfluctuations of accommodation was analyzed by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). Results. After using the smartphone, it was found that the accommodation response to accommodation stimulation decreased and the microfluctuations of accommodation increased. Conclusions. It can be said that the use of a smartphone affects the accommodation response and the microfluctuations of accommodation, thereby causing a accommodative stable fatigue. Therefore, it is thought that the use of a smartphone for a long time may bring about a change in the accommodation function.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2013

The study compares accuracies between humans and computer algorithms in the discrimination of spontaneous smiles from posed smiles. For this purpose, subjects performed two tasks, one was judgment with single pictures and the other was judgment with pair comparison. At the task of judgment with single pictures, in which pictures of smiling facial expression were presented one by one, subjects were required to judge whether smiles in the pictures were spontaneous or posed. In the task for judgment with pair comparison, in which two kinds of smiles from one person were presented simultaneously, subjects were to select spontaneous smile. To calculate the discrimination algorithm accuracy, 8 kinds of facial features were used. To calculate the discriminant function, stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) was performed by using approximately 50 % of pictures, and the rest of pictures were classified by using the calculated discriminant function. In the task of single pictures, the accuracy rate of SLDA was higher than that of humans. In the analysis of accuracy on pair comparison, the accuracy rate of SLDA was also higher than that of humans. Among the 20 subjects, none of them showed the above accuracy rate of SLDA. The facial feature contributed to SLDA effectively was angle of inner eye corner, which was the degree of the openness of the eyes. According to Ekman's FACS system, this feature corresponds to AU 6. The reason why the humans had low accuracy while classifying two kinds of smiles, it appears that they didn't use the information coming from the eyes enough.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Objectives : In this study, Folium Perillae were examined the possibility to apply as the cosmetics natural materials. Methods : Normal skin softener containing Folium Perillae extracts was manufactured and then its physiological activities function was experimented on. And emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts was manufactured and then it was left under the condition of $-10^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C$, room temperature and $37^{\circ}C$ for a month. Then its stability and safety were tested. Results : The physiological activities function of the normal skin softener was almost same with the electron donating ability, SOD like activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of Folium Perillae extracts. To find the changes of emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts, the emollient lotion was left under the condition of $-10^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C$, room temperature and $37^{\circ}C$ for a month. Then, when the emollient lotion was observed with the naked eye, pH, viscosity and particle diameter were measured, its changes were not nearly found. Futhermore, as a result of doing patch test to identify the safety of emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts, there was no stimulus on skin. Conclusions : From the above results, it was expected that the physiological activities of Folium Perillae extracts can be maintained when cosmetics containing Folium Perillae extracts are manufactured. And it was proved that Folium Perillae extracts didn't affect the change of cosmetic when they were applied to cosmetic materials. And it was concluded that emollient lotion containing Folium Perillae extracts was safe for skin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.257-266
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• 2007

The research on red tide is generally in progress through field work, such as the naked eye and sampling. It was difficult to forecast exactly the course, from appearance of red tide to disappearance. with the established ways of investigation and analysis. Accordingly it is need to analyze environmental factors in time and space, the appearance of red tide and the path of its migration by more objective and scientific methods. In this study, GIS is applied to analyse the space character of red tide and the interpolation of IDW(Inverse Distance Weight) is applied to assume the density distribution of red tide after gather data by using Arc/Info. After IDW interpolation, the sea area occurred over 1,000 cells/ml of red tide density is extracted with CON and SUM Function of Grid Module, and the density of the sea area is accumulated daily. As a result of this study, the distribution condition of red tide is found timely and spacially by applying GIS to the sea area of red tide, the results indicated that the spatial density and the cumulative frequency about the origin of red tide using GIS, the sea area demonstrated that the maximum density and the maximum frequency varied significantly over the Nammyun of Namhae-Is. with the maximum frequency being 49 times. accordingly if data about the areas of red tide will occur from the present are accumulated, the shifting route of red tide occurrence and extinction can be predicted.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 2009

Purpose: Stereopsis is one of primary characteristics for assessment of binocular function. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible relationship between the degree of exophoria and stereoacuity at near. Methods: 110 exophores (male n=71, female n=39, mean $age{\pm}SD=11.30{\pm}1.47$ years) without amblyopia, strabismus, and ocular and systemic pathology were studied. Subjects were also excluded if they had visual acuity poorer than 0.8 in either eye or vertical phoria greater than 1 prism diopter. Clinical tests were performed for near phorias by von Graefe technique using a Digital Refractor (CDR-3100, Huvitz, Korea) with chart (Predio CDC-4000, Huvitz, Korea), and for stereoacuity using the Titmus fly. Results: A one-way analysis of variance revealed that mean values of the stereoacuity classified according to the degrees of the exophoria were not significantly different (p>0.05). Conclusions: Based on the result of this study, it was found that there was no relationship between the degree of exophoria and stereoacuity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1066-1071
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the metabolic adjustment of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozymes to a change in dissolved oxygen (DO) in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). After bluegills were adapted to a constant environment in an aquarium, the DO was changed to investigate the activity of LDH isozyme and the relative ratio of subunits A, B, and C for each tissue. When the DO was decreased from 18 ppm to 6 ppm, LDH in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain tissues recovered to the level of control activity within 12, 12, and 6 hr, respectively. LDH activity changed in accordance with a change in DO. The compensation was performed rapidly and is thought to be an important function of LDH in enabling bluegills to adapt to their environment. In bluegill heart, eye, and brain tissues, the relative ratio of subunit A increased and showed a tendency to recover similarly to the subunit ratio of control groups up to 12 hr. It is thought that the anaerobic metabolism using subunit A was increased in the initial stage when DO was changed. In addition, the results revealed that subunit C was more similar to subunit A than subunit B. In bluegills, subunits A and C of LDH seem to be evolutionarily similar. LDH isozymes, mainly containing subunits A and C, are likely responsible for the function of pyruvate reductase, which plays a role in making the bluegill adapt to a hypoxic environment through anaerobic metabolism.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

To confirm the function of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH), its metabolism was studied by activity, kinetics, and isozyme analysis in tissues of Ldh testis-specific C expressing mice (Mus musculus) maintained in a state of starvation for 48 hr and 96 hr. In skeletal muscle, liver, and eye tissues, LDH and LDH $A_4$ activity increased and anaerobic metabolism predominated. While LDH activity in the heart and kidney tissues decreased, LDH $B_4$ activity increased and aerobic metabolism predominated, producing pyruvic acid. In the testis tissue, LDH $C_4$ activity decreased. In the brain tissue, LDH activity increased, but the isozyme change was small and the amount of pyruvic acid decreased. $K{_m}^{PYR}$ increased in tissues other than kidney tissue, and the affinity for pyruvic acid decreased. Consequently, in Ldh-A and B-expressing tissues, the activities of isozymes with higher concentrations increased. However, in Ldh-A, B, and C-expressing tissue, $C_4$ decreased and the function of the tissue also decreased. In particular, LDH in brain tissue played a role as a pyruvate reductase. Therefore, this process might be the mechanism for producing energy in the state of starvation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.482-487
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• 2016

Ultra-violet rays are very harmful to eye health care. The blocking of ultra-violet rays and a reduction of optical reflection in the visible light range, which is to increase the share of transmitted light, and avoid the formation of ghost images in imaging, are important for the applications of polymer eyeglasses lenses. In this study, the high-refractive index polymer lenses, n=1.67, were fabricated by injection-molded method with the xylene diisocyanate monomer, 2,3-bis-1-propanethiol monomer, and benzotriazol UV absorber (SEESORB 709) mixture. To reduce the reflection of the polymer lens surfaces, multi-layer anti-reflection (AR) coatings were coated for both sides of the polymer lens using an E-beam evaporation system. The optical properties of the UV blocking polymer lens were characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer. The material properties of the thin films, which were composed AR coating layers, refractive index, and surface roughness, were analyzed by ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. As a result, the fabricated polymer lens perfectly blocked ultra-violet rays below 395 nm with a blocking rate greater than 99%.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

It has been reported high concentrations of zinc and taurine in ocular tissue, especially the retina-choroid, and the presence of physiological levels of zinc and taurine in these tissues seem essential for their normal function. In addition, several studies have reported temperature as another effector to the visual sensitivity. But, in spite of many studies, there are still remained many questions about their function and correlation in visual adaptation system. The purpose of present study was to clarify these points using electroretinogram(ERG) recording and absorption spectra scanning, before and after zinc and taurine treatments and hypothermic-effect in bullfrog(Rana catesbeiana) which is one of the poikilothermal animal. The optimal zinc concentration used in this study was determined $10^{-4}M$ while the optimal taurine concentration was 10-5 M, and temperature change for hypothermic-effect went through '$25^{\circ}C {\rightarrow}0^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}25^{\circ}C$'. In ERG recording, it is obtained that dark-adapted threshold became elevated and b-wave amplitudes was increased with zinc and taurine treatment and hypothermic-effect. In absorption spectra scanning, there is distinct absorbance increment over the whole spectral range(400~750 nm) after zinc and taurine treatment and hypothermic-effect. Furthermore there are some synergism effects between zinc and taurine as well as between zinc and hypothermic-effect as a result of co-treatment, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.39-47
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• 2020

In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based detection method using Saliency Attention to detect salient objects in images. The salient object detection separates the object where the human eye is focused from the background, and determines the highly relevant part of the image. It is usefully used in various fields such as object tracking, detection, and recognition. Existing deep learning-based methods are mostly Autoencoder structures, and many feature losses occur in encoders that compress and extract features and decoders that decompress and extend the extracted features. These losses cause the salient object area to be lost or detect the background as an object. In the proposed method, Saliency Attention is proposed to reduce the feature loss and suppress the background region in the Autoencoder structure. The influence of the feature values was determined using the ELU activation function, and Attention was performed on the feature values in the normalized negative and positive regions, respectively. Through this Attention method, the background area was suppressed and the projected object area was emphasized. Experimental results showed improved detection results compared to existing deep learning methods.