• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.510-515
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• 1998

청국장제조시 대두원료의 동결과 쑥추출물의 첨가가 청국장의 숙성에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 청국장 숙성과정중의 아미노태 질소, ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity, protease activity, 향기성분의 변화와 관능특성을 조사하였다. 청국장 숙성과정중 protease activity는 동결처리한 대두를 사용한 청국장에서 약간 높았던 반면 ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity는 차이가 없었다. 아미노태 질소량은 전체적으로 동결처리한 청국장이 다소 높은 값을 보였으며 숙성기간이 길어짐에 따라서 점차적으로 증가하다가 숙성 21일후 감소하였다. 쑥추출물의 첨가에 따른 효소활성의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 쑥추출물의 첨가에 의해 불쾌취원인의 하나로 알려진 cis-3-hexenol의 생성량이 감소되었고, 동결에 의해 항기물질인 2,6-dimethyl pyrazine의 생성이 촉진되었다. 관능검사 결과 14일 숙성된 청국장이 전체적으로 가장 높은 선호도를 보였으며, 쑥추출물이 첨가된 경우에는 대두의 동결여부에 관계없이 쑥이 첨가되지 않은 경우보다 flavor가 유의적으로 우수하였으나 대두원료의 동결에 따른 차이는 감지되지 않았다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.517-526
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• 2021

연구목적: 본 연구는 아동의 치아우식증 발생에 영향을 줄 수 있는 빙과류를 종류에 따라 구분하고, 당도와 산도, 비점조도를 조사하여 분석하고자 시행하였다. 연구방법: 국내에서 생산 및 시판되는 빙과류 60종을 무작위로 선택하여 빙과류 분류 기준에 따라 빙과, 유지방군아이스크림, 비유지방군아이스크림으로 구분하였다. 각 제품을 동일한 조건으로 처리하여 제품별 성분함량을 조사하였으며, 당도와 산도, 점조도를 측정하였고 비점조도를 계산하였다. 대상 빙과류의 일반적인 특성은 빈도분석을 시행하였고, 식품 유형에 따른 빙과류의 영양성분의 차이와 치아우식 관련 특성의 차이는 일원배치 분산분석을 수행하였다. 유의수준(α)은 0.05로 하였다. 연구결과: 조사 대상 빙과류는 총 60개로 빙과, 유지방군, 비유지방군 각각 20개씩이었다. 품목별 영양성분에서 나트륨은 비유지방군이 59.94 mg으로 가장 높았고 빙과는 평균 15.94 mg으로 유의하게 낮았다. 지방 함량은 유지방군이 7.07 g으로 가장 높았다. 치아우식 활성도 관련 특성을 각 제품군에 따라 분석한 결과 pH는 빙과가 평균 3.67로 가장 낮았으며, 당도는 유지방군(33.22)과 비유지방군(32.89)이 빙과보다 유의하게 높았다. 비점조도 또한 유지방군이 32.62로 가장 높았고, 빙과는 9.42로 유의하게 낮았다. 결론: 이상 기온 현상과 코로나바이러스 확산으로 인하여 가정 내 빙과류 섭취가 증가하는 추세이다. 가정 내에서 아동의 치아우식증 발생을 예방하기 위하여 빙과류 섭취 후 적절한 구강 관리를 할 수 있도록 아동과 보호자 대상의 교육이 필요하다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic utility of a frozen section biopsy in patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric neoplasms with obscure margins even with chromoendoscopy using acetic acid and indigo carmine (AI chromoendoscopy). Materials and Methods: The lateral spread of early gastric neoplasms was unclear even following AI chromoendoscopy in 38 patients who underwent ESD between June 2007 and May 2011. Frozen section biopsies were obtained by agreement of the degree of lateral spread between two endoscopists. Thus, frozen section biopsies were obtained from 23 patients (FBx group) and not in the other 15 patients (AI group). Results: No significant differences were observed for size, histology, invasive depth, and location of lesions between the AI and FBx groups. No false positive or false negative results were observed in the frozen section diagnoses. Adenocarcinoma was revealed in three patients and tubular adenoma in one, thereby changing the delineation of lesion extent and achieving free lateral margins. The rates of free lateral resection margins and curative resection were significantly higher in the FBx group than those in the AI group. Conclusions: Frozen section biopsy can help endoscopists perform more safe and accurate ESD in patients with early gastric neoplasm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to use the NRC-2001 model and DVE/OEB system to model potential nutrient supply to ruminants and to compare frost damaged (also called "frozen" wheat with normal wheat. Quantitative predictions were made in terms of: i) Truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein in the small intestine; ii) Truly absorbed rumen undegraded feed protein in the small intestine; iii) Endogenous protein in the digestive tract; iv). Total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine; and v). Protein degraded balance. The overall yield losses of the frozen wheat were 24%. Results showed that using the DVE/OEB system to predict the potential nutrient supply, the frozen wheat had similar truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein (65 vs. 66 g/kg DM; p>0.05), tended to have lower truly absorbed rumen undegraded feed protein (39 vs. 53 g/kg DM; p<0.10) and had higher endogenous protein (14 vs. 9 g/kg DM; p<0.05). Total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine was significantly lower (89 vs. 110 g/kg DM, p<0.05) in the frozen wheat. The protein degraded balance was similar and both were negative (-2 vs. -1 g/kg DM). Using the NRC-2001 model to predict the potential nutrient supply, the frozen wheat also had similar truly absorbed rumen synthesized microbial protein (average 56 g/kg DM; p>0.05), tended to have lower truly absorbed rumen undegraded feed protein (35 vs. 48, g/kg DM; p<0.10) and had similar endogenous protein (average 4 g/kg DM; p>0.05). Total truly absorbed protein in the small intestine was significantly lower (95 vs. 108 g/kg DM, p<0.05) in the frozen wheat. The protein degraded balance was not significantly different and both were negative (-16 vs. -19 g/kg DM). In conclusion, both models predict lower protein value and negative protein degraded balance in the frozen wheat. The frost damage to the wheat reduced nutrient content and availability and thus reduced nutrient supply to ruminants by around 12 to 19%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2020

The interaction between the frozen soil and building structures deteriorates with the increasing temperature. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) stratification test was conducted with respect to the unfrozen water content on the interface and a shear test was conducted on the frozen soil-structure interface to explore the shear characteristics of the frozen soil-structure interface and its failure mechanism during the thawing process. The test results showed that the unfrozen water at the interface during the thawing process can be clearly distributed in three stages, i.e., freezing, phase transition, and thawing, and that the shear strength of the interface decreases as the unfrozen water content increases. The internal friction angle and cohesive force display a change law of "as one falls, the other rises," and the minimum internal friction angle and maximum cohesive force can be observed at -1℃. In addition, the change characteristics of the interface strength parameters during the freezing process were compared, and the differences between the interface shear characteristics and failure mechanisms during the frozen soil-structure interface freezing-thawing process were discussed. The shear strength parameters of the interface was subjected to different changes during the freezing-thawing process because of the different interaction mechanisms of the molecular structures of ice and water in case of the ice-water phase transition of the test sample during the freezing-thawing process.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2011

Research in the area of equine artificial insemination (AI) has led to its increased application in field trials. However, procedures for equine semen collection, cooling and freezing of semen and artificial insemination need further improvement. In experiment 1, we investigated the percentage of total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) of sperms at after-collection, cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 2, mares were inseminated with either cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 3, we examined the effect of buffer (skim-milk extender), which was infused into the uterus at the time of AI with frozen-thawed semen. In experiment 4, we compared AI pregnancy rates for mares ovulating spontaneously versus after treatment with hCG. In experiment 1, the average percentage of TM was decreased from 75.3% to 14.4% at the stage of after-collection to frozen-thawed semen (p<0.05). The average percentage of PM was 58.2% and 59.6% at after-collection and cooled-diluted, but it was significantly increased 71.7% after frozen-thawed (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the pregnancy rates after AI using cooled-diluted, cooled-transported and frozen-thawed semen were 60%, 50% and 37.5%, respectively, and similar among treatments. In experiment 3, the pregnancy rate of mares infused with buffer at AI was 40% which was higher than that with no buffer (10%). In experiment 4, the pregnancy rates of mares were similar between ovulated spontaneously (25%) and ovulated with hCG (50%). The results suggest that equine semen that has been cooled-diluted, cooled-transported or frozen can be successfully used to establish AI, pregnancy and foal production. Also, the pregnancy rates after AI can be increased by infusing buffer into the uterus at AI or by inducing ovulation with hCG, but further study is need.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.191-197
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• 1998

Immature nocytes and in VitrO matured Oocytes collected from the slaughtered Korean cattle were frozen slowly with 10% ethylene glycol+5% polyvinyl pyrolidine+0.05M trehalose (l0EPT), 10% ethylene glycol+5% ficoll+0.05M sucrose (1OEFS), or 10% ethylene glycol+5% ficoll+0.05M trehalose (l0EFT) by cell freezer (experiment 1). And also,They were ultra-rapidly frozen with 30% ethylene glycol+10% polyvinyl pyrolidine+0.5M trehalose (3OEPT) or 30% ethylene glycol+18% ficoll+0.5M sucrose (3OEFS) using electron microscope grid (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the cleavage rate was 23.0% when immature oocytes were frozen slowly using various cryoprotectants descrihed above, and 5.1% of cleaved oocytes developed to over morula stage after in Vitro fertilization (IVF). There were no significant differences among these groups. When matured oocytes were frozen slowly, the total cleavage rate was 19.7%, and over morula stage was 3.2%. lOEPT (4.8%) and EFS (4.4%) were slightly more effective than l0EFT (0.0%) for development in vitro. Only in l0EFT treated group, immature oocytes have higher developmental capacity than matured ones, when they were frozen slowly and IVF after thawing. In experiment 2, oocytes were ultra-rapidly frozen using the electron microscope grid with two kind of cryoprotectants described above. In immature oocyte group, the cleavage rate was 13.9% and 5.8% of cleaved oocytes developed to over morula stage after IVF, and in matured group, 25.7 and 7.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences between two kind of cryoprotectants, but in ultra-rapid freezing using electron microscope grid, the efficiency is slightly higher in matured oocyte group.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2007

This study examines the relative competitive position of korean fisheries products market over period of 2001 to 2005 and selects strategic exported goods from its position provide against concluding FTA agreement with China and Japan. The portfolio approach is used to develope competitiveness-market share matrix. The position of each export countries on the competitiveness market share matrix will be in one of nine cells, with differing implications for their role in korean fisheries products market. Based the competitiveness market share matrix, each export countries are divided into first cell type, third cell type and ninth cell type and the items of ninth cell type are chosen as strategic exportable goods. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, in the case of each country change aspect, China is trending to decrease quantity but shows number of item that increase gradually with high share still, and look trend that increase third cell type item too gradually, and in case of first cell type item is that competitive position is high more relatively than the Korea. In the case of Japan, ninth cell type item is falling gradually, and share does not show big change generally in case of first cell type item. Second, in the case of strategic exportable goods that analyze using domestic competitive position cell type and MCA with competitive position in domestic fisheries products market and export market, was appear by codfish(frozen), cuttle fish(frozen) etc. in case with China, and by mackerel(frozen), other sea bream(frozen), laver(dry), bathing(dry) etc. in case with Japan. And analyzed goods that have all export competitive advantages in both countries are roes of alaska pollack(frozen), other roes of fish(except frozen roes of alaska pollack), squid(frozen) etc.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2017

A frozen road surface increases traffic accidents during the winter season. Hence, information on easily-frozen road sections and their specificities are required to prevent traffic accidents. Frozen road surfaces are determined by equipment measuring road surface temperatures. However, there are limitations in investigating the entire road network. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new methods that effectively determine road surface freezing risks. Meteorologically, road surfaces are frozen when the actual temperature cools down to the dew point temperature. Under this condition, there is likely to be frost if relative humidity reaches 100% and frozen road surfaces as the temperature gets lower. Meteorological characteristics give us an alternative to a direct measurement road surface temperature to estimate risks of road surface freezing. Based on the clues, the relationship between severity of traffic accidents and temperature changes is empirically investigated using Paju weather data. The results reveal that as the temperature gets lower and changes in current temperature are relatively small, the severity of traffic accidents become higher. In addition, the same is true when the difference between current temperature and the dew point temperature is relatively small, as it increases possibilities of road surface freezing. Future studies must investigate how current temperature and the dew point temperature affect road surface freezing and thereby establish a time-space scope to estimate possible road surface freezing sections using only weather and road material type data. This would provide invaluable information for predicting and preventing frozen road accidents based on weather patterns.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1324-1329
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• 1999

국내 유통중인 냉동만두와 피자 중 L. monocytogenes의 분포와 분리균의 특성을 조사하기 위하여 1998년 8월부터 11월에 걸쳐 시료 72개를 구입하여 실험하였다. 전체 냉동식품 중 9.7%(7개)에서 L. monocytogenes가 분리되었으며 냉동만두 중 11.1%,피자 중 5.6%가 오염되어 있었다. USDA와 FDA방법. 그리고 modified cold enrichment 방법 중 USDA방법이 가장 L. monocytogenes의 분리율이 높았으며 분리된 L. monocytogenes 혈청형은 4였다. PCR실험결과 CAMP test와 API Listeria kit를 사용하여 분리된 균주가 L. monocytogenes임이 확인되었다. USDA방법과 PCR을 이용하여 L. monocytogenes를 분리하고 확인하는데 3-4일 정도의 시간이 소요되어 시간을 단축시킬 수 있는 분리 및 확인방법의 개발이 필요하리라 사료된다. 분리된 L. monocytogenes의 내열성을 조사한 결과 tryptic soy broth에서 D값이 $60^{\circ}C$에서 49.2초, $65^{\circ}C$에서 8.8초였으며 냉동식품의 안전한 사용을 위하여 L. monocytogenes의 분리율이 높은 식품에서 D값의 측정이 필요하다고 사료된다.