• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2009

The incomplete saturation and the void formation during the resin infiltration into fibrous porous media in the resin transfer molding process cause failure in the final product during its service. In order to better understand flow behavior during the filling process, a finite-element scheme for transient flow simulation across the micro-structured fibrous media is developed in the present work. A volume-of- fluid (VOF) method has been incorporated in the Eulerian frame to capture the evolution of flow front and the vertical periodic boundary condition has been combined to avoid unwanted wall effect. In the microscale simulation, we investigated the transient filling process in various fiber structures and discussed the mechanism leading to the flow fingering in the case of random fiber distribution. Effects of the filling pressure, the shear-thinning behavior of fluid and the volume fraction on the flow front have been investigated for both intra-tow and the inter-tow flows in dual-scale fiber tow models.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.30 no.5 s.248
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• pp.480-488
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• 2006

Numerical simulations of flow over two spheres placed in a tandem arrangement are conducted to investigate the effect of the inter-sphere spacing on the flow characteristics. The Reynolds numbers considered are 100, 250, 300 and 425, corresponding to steady axisymmetric, steady planar-symmetric, unsteady planar-symmetric, and unsteady asymmetric flows, respectively, in the case of a single sphere. For small inter-sphere spacings, the flow past two spheres is more stable than that past a single sphere. For example, with the spacing of the sphere radius, the flow is steady axisymmetric up to Re=300. However, for relatively large spacings, the flow past two spheres becomes unstable and vortex shedding takes place even at Re=250. The drag coefficient of the rear sphere decreases significantly with decreasing inter-sphere spacing due to reduction of the stagnation pressure, thus being smaller than that of the front sphere. Also, the rear sphere shows large fluctuations of the lift force as compared to the front one in the case of unsteady flow.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.53-56
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• 2004

The mixing characteristics of a multiple transverse injection system in a scramjet combustor were studied with numerical methods. The distance among injectors on mixing characteristics were investigated. The three-dimensional Wavier-Stokes equations including k-w SST turbulence model were solved. It was shown that the mixing characteristics of a multiple transverse injection system were very different from those of a single and a dual injection system; the rear injection flow was strongly influenced by blocking effect due to the momentum flux of the front injection flow and thus had higher expansion and penetration than the front injection flow. The multiple injection system had higher mixing rate, higher penetration but had more losses of stagnation pressure than the single injection system.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 1998

This paper contains a verification of simulation program to predict the capacity of a condenser used in car air-conditioners. Verification of simulation program is carried out with the comparison error between experiment and simulation bounds within 3.5%. The present investigation shows the results for heat transfer rates of condenser under different operating conditions, such as velocity and degree of superheat. The range of front velocity of air is 1∼5m/s. As the front velocity is increased, the heat transfer rate of condenser is largely increased at a low velocity range. In a meanwhile, heat transfer rate of condenser is almost constant in a range of velocity over 3m/s. As for the effect of inlet pressure of refrigerant on the heat transfer rate, we obtained the similar trend of heat transfer rates as like varying the front velocity, Also we have calculated the heat transfer rates with varying inlet superheats of refrigerant, the larger the superheat is, the more heat transfer rate is obtained.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2009

The prediction of pressure drop for a droplet flow in a confined micro channel is presented using FE-FTM (Finite Element - Front Tracking Method). A single droplet is passing through 5:1:5 contraction - straight narrow channel - expansion flow domain. The pressure drop is investigated especially when the droplet flows in the straight narrow channel. We explore the effects of droplet size, capillary number (Ca), viscosity ratio ($\chi$) between droplet and medium, and fluid elasticity represented by the Oldroyd-B constitutive model on the excess pressure drop (${\Delta}p^+$) against single phase flow. The tightly fitted droplets in the narrow channel are mainly considered in the range of $0.001{\leq}Ca{\leq}1$ and $0.01{\leq}{\chi}{\leq}100$. In Newtonian droplet/Newtonian medium, two characteristic features are observed. First, an approximate relation ${\Delta}p^+{\sim}{\chi}$ observed for ${\chi}{\geq}1$. The excess pressure drop necessary for droplet flow is roughly proportional to $\chi$. Second, ${\Delta}p^+$ seems inversely proportional to Ca, which is represented as ${\Delta}p^+{\sim}Ca^m$ with negative m irrespective of $\chi$. In addition, we observe that the film thickness (${\delta}_f$) between droplet interface and channel wall decreases with decreasing Ca, showing ${\delta}_f{\sim}Ca^n$ Can with positive n independent of $\chi$. Consequently, the excess pressure drop (${\Delta}p^+$) is strongly dependent on the film thickness (${\delta}_f$). The droplets larger than the channel width show enhancement of ${\Delta}p^+$, whereas the smaller droplets show no significant change in ${\Delta}p^+$. Also, the droplet deformation in the narrow channel is affected by the flow history of the contraction flow at the entrance region, but rather surprisingly ${\Delta}p^+$ is not affected by this flow history. Instead, ${\Delta}p^+$ is more dependent on ${\delta}_f$ irrespective of the droplet shape. As for the effect of fluid elasticity, an increase in ${\delta}_f$ induced by the normal stress difference in viscoelastic medium results in a drastic reduction of ${\Delta}p^+$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.111-118
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• 2004

The work presented in this paper concerns the aerodynamic characteristics and compression wave generated in a tunnel when a high speed train enters it. A large number of solutions have been proposed to reduce the amplitude of the pressure gradient in tunnels and some of the most efficient solutions consist of (a) addition ofa blind hood, (b) addition of inclined part at the entrance, and (c) holes in the ceiling of the tunnel. These are numerically studied by using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Euler equation solver with ALE, CFD code, based on FEM method. Computational results showed that the smaller inclined angle leads to the lower pressure gradient of compression wave front. This study indicated that the most efficient slant angle is in the range from $30^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$. The maximum pressure gradient is reduced by $26.81\%$ for the inclined angle of $30^{\circ}$ as compared to vertical entry. Results also showed that maximum pressure gradient can be reduced by $15.94\%$ in blind hood entry as compared to $30^{\circ}$ inclined tunnel entry. Furthermore, the present analysis showed that inclined slant angle has little effect on aerodynamic drag. Comparison of the pressure gradient between the inclined tunnel hood and the vertical entry with air vent holes indicated that the optimum inclined tunnel hood is much more effective way in reducing pressure gradient and increasing the pressure rise time.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.1572-1577
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• 2003

High-power pulsed laser ablation under atmospheric pressure is studied utilizing numerical and experimental methods with emphasis on recondensation ratio, and the dynamics of the laser induced vapor flow. In the numerical calculation, the temperature pressure, density and vaporization flux on a solid substrate are first obtained by a heat-transfer computation code based on the enthalpy method, and then the plume dynamics is calculated by using a commercial CFD package. To confirm the computation results, the probe beam deflection technique was utilized for measuring the propagation of a laser induced shock wave. Discontinuities of properties and velocity over the Knudsen layer were investigated. Related with the analysis of the jump condition, the effect of the recondesation ratio on the plume dynamics was examined by comparing the pressure, density, and mass fraction of ablated aluminum vapor. To consider the effect of mass transfer between the ablation plume and air, unlike the most previous investigations, the equation of species conservation is simultaneously solved with the Euler equations. Therefore the numerical model computes not only the propagation of the shock front but also the distribution of the aluminum vapor. To our knowledge, this is the first work that employed a commercial CFD code in the calculation of pulsed ablation phenomena.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.889-898
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• 2003

The soot yield is studied by a premixed propane-oxygen-inert gas combustion in a specially designed disk-type constant-volume combustion chamber to investigate the effect of turbulence on soot formation. Premixtures are simultaneously ignited by eight spark plugs located on the circumference of chamber at 45 degree intervals in order to observe the soot formation under high pressures and high temperatures. The eight flames converged compress the end gases to a high pressure. The laser schlieren and direct flame photographs for observation field with 10 mm in diameter are taken to examine into the behaviors of flame front and gas flow in laminar and turbulent combustion. The soot volume fraction in the chamber center during the final stage of combustion at the highest pressure is measured by the in situ laser extinction technique and simultaneously the corresponding burnt gas temperature by the two-color pyrometry method. It is found that the soot yield of turbulent combustion decreases in comparison with that of laminar combustion because the burnt gas temperature increases with the drop of heat loss.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.246-254
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• 2001

The breech system can be considered as a pressure vessel with an internal plug under high explosive pressure. The system consists of a breech block(internal plug) whose front surface subjects to pressure, and a breech ring(pressure vessel). There is the geometric discontinuity around roots of connection parts and then stress concentration is introduced due to pressure, where contact effect may be ignored because contact plane between two equipments is parallel ideally, Generally high stress concentration phenomena shorten the life cycle of the mechanical system. It is well known that shock load is much more harmful on safety of the system than static load. In this present paper, several geometric design variables which may affect stress condition on the system are chosen and the parametric study on the design variables is carried using commercial FEM codes. Finally, the obtained results in the single lug breech system are applied to design the 3 lugs breech system. The 3 lugs breech system can reduce the maximum stress level.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.110-120
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• 2009

Generally the fluid flows within the centrifugal impeller passage as a decelerating flow with an adverse pressure gradient along the stream wise path. This flow tends to be in a state of instability with flow separation zones on the suction surface and on the front shroud. Hence several experimental attempts were earlier made to assess the efficacy of using boundary layer fences to trip the flow in the regions of separation and to make the flow align itself into stream wise direction so that the losses could be minimized and overall efficiency of the diffusion process in the fan could be increased. With the development of CFD, an extensive numerical whole field analysis of the effect of boundary layer fences in discrete regions of suspected separation points is possible. But it is found from the literature that there have been no significant attempts to use this tool to explore numerically the utility of the fences on the flow field. This paper attempts to explore the effect of boundary layer fences corresponding to various geometrical configurations on the impeller as well as on the diffuser. It is shown from the analysis that the fences located on the impellers near the trailing edge on pressure side and suction side improves the static pressure recovery across the fan. Fences provided at the radial mid-span on the pressure side of the diffuser vane and near the leading edge and trailing edge of the suction side of diffuser vanes also improve the static pressure recovery across the fan.