• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate whether pine needle extracts can be used as tobacco flavors. Yield of essential oil, absolute and oleoresin extracted from pine needles is 0.07%, 1.20% and 6.08% respectively. The volatile compounds isolated from the three types of extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 72 components were identified in the three type of extracts including 26 hydrocarbons, 16 alcohols, 13 esters, 9 acids, 4 phenols, 2 aldehydes and 2 ketones compounds. The major components were $\beta$-pinene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\delta$-cadinene and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3 -dioxol-2-one. There were 49 volatile components in the absolute, 44 components in the essential oil and 26 components in the oleoresin. The content of hydrocarbons and alcohols was higher in the essential oil extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE) than in others, while that of esters and acids was higher in the absolute than in others. Especially, phenols and ketones were identified only in the oleoresin. The components such as $\beta$-pinene, bornyl acetate, $\alpha$-terpineol and oxygenated terpenes have characteristic piney and fresh green odor. The contents of these components was higher in the essential oil and the absolute than in the oleoresin. Therefor, the essential oil and the absolute are expected to be more useful than the oleoresin as tobacco flavor.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.103-117
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• 2001

This study was inducted to investigate the effects of microbial fertilizers on the fields of young radish(Raphanus sativus L.), chemical components of plant and soil, and the microbial floras. Six microbial fertilizers, MPK+Husk+Palma, Husk+Palma, MPK+Compost, Compost, BIO Livestock Clean System(BLCS) cattle dropping, and Tomi were used. The yields of young radish were increased in six microbial fertilizer treatments. The fresh matter weight, the number of leaves, and the dry matter weight of young radish in BLCS cattle dropping treatment, the leaf length in MPK+Husk+Palma treatment, the sugar content in Husk+Palma treatment, arid the leaf width in Tomi treatment showed the highest amount, respectively. The effects of microbial fertilizers on chemical characteristics of young radish and soil were examined. Phosphoric acid amount of young radish in Tomi treatment was much higher than other treatments. Potassium amount of young radish showed high significance in all microbial fertilizer treatments compared with control, and shoved the highest in Compost treatment . Two components, phosphoric acid find potassium, in soil inoculated by microbial fertilizers showed significant. Phosphoric acid in the Tomi treatment and Potassium in Husk+Palma treatment were increased. The microorganic populations in soil inoculated with microbial fertilizers were examined. While the number of Bacillus in ceil was increased in MPK+Husk+Palma treatment, the numbers of total bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were increased in Tomi treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.358-362
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• 2003

An electrochemical reduction technology which can reduce the decay heat, volume, and radioactivity of spent fuel by a factor of quarter by converting oxide type spent fuel to a metallic form in a molten salt was developed and mock-up test in a 5kg $U_3O_8$/batch scale was carried out. The electrochemical reaction was analyzed regarding the operational factors. The research efforts was also concentrated on the apparatus development for a hot test. Fresh $U_3O_8$ powder was metallized with a more than 99% yield via this electrochemical technology and design data for the 20kg $U_3O_8$/batch scale apparatus were also obtained.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.497-504
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• 2006

Biodiversity is closely related to the conservation of ecosystems. Ecosystems provide more subtle, but equally essential, services. Microorganisms decompose human's waste and renew the soils that produce our food crops. Biodiversity in Korean paddies encompass 54 families and 107 species of freshwater invertebrates. In terms of the number of aquatic insects affected by different sources, the order starting with the highest population was swine slurry > chemical fertilizer > fresh straw with reduced fertilizers > control. The number of freshwater invertebrate and aquatic macro-invertebrate in surface water of the plots without insecticidal application were 2 and 2.1 times greater than in fields receiving insecticide applications, respectively. The soil microfungal flora of the 85 isolates paddy fields in Korea was 30 species in 13 genera and 11 isolates were unidentified yet. Agricultural policy should be changed to assist the conservation of biodiversity because until now the agricultural ecosystems have been negatively affected from the development of high-yield varieties to enhance food production, and the expansion of fertilizer and chemical use. For the conservation of agricultural ecosystems, agricultural practices with less investment and more resource saving, as well as enhancing the safety of agricultural and livestock products are essential. Finally, this paper was written for the contribution for the development of environmentally friendly farming systems with neighboring or whole ecosystems.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.290-293
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• 2007

Cassumunar ginger (Zingiber montanum Roxb.) was grown in the experimental field at the Department of Horticulture, Kasetsart University, Thailand. The antioxidant activity and volatile oil content of rhizomes of varying age were measured. Antioxidant activity as determined using the DPPH (diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method differed significantly between samples of different ages. Antioxidant activity and rhizome age were positively correlated, with 22-month old rhizomes showing the highest radical scavenging activity (79.19%). Volatile oil was obtained by steam distillation of fresh rhizomes. The extraction yield of volatile oil was highest in l6-month old rhizomes (13.02 mL/kg). GC-FID data indicated the presence of three major compounds, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and (E)-1-(3',4'-dimethylphenyl) butadiene (DMPBD), however none of the major components were correlated with the age of rhizome.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.36-41
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• 2004

Postharvest handling of sweetpotatoes is inevitable procedure for the maintenance, storage, management and utilization of high fresh quality of storage roots. It ranges in degree from simple lifting of roots, carrying them from field to storage house and immediate consumption after cooking, to sophisticated methods of curing, and storage under controlled conditions followed by processing into a high quality food products. Postharvest saleability, quality and nutritional value of roots and the presence or absence in roots of bitter, toxic furanoterpenoid phytoalexins or mycotoxins depends greatly on the degree and types of treatment to which produce is subjected. Climatic and soil conditions before harvest and contamination or attack by microorganisms or insect pests in the field may initiate or enhance subsequent postharvest deterioration. Careless postharvest handling can lead to both quantitative and qualitative losses which may be extremely high in some circumstances. Research has concentrated on the improvement of preharvest conditions to increase yield and lower decrease rates. However, such efforts are wasted unless they go hand in hand with others designed to reduce the high degree of loss associated with careless postharvest handling.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2007

Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial culture with various sawdust of P. gilvus. The pH value was 6.0 of oak sawdust, 6.5 of mulberry sawdust, 6.6 of elm sawdust, 6.3 of acacia sawdust and 6.1 of apple tree sawdust. Mycelial density on elm sawdust and acacia sawdust were lower than those of oak sawdust, and apple sawdust. Weight of fresh fruiting body showed that 179 g on oak tree, 227 g on oak sawdust, 21 g on elm tree, 76 g on elm sawdust, 106 g on apple tree, and 170 g on apple sawdust. Among them, the yield of oak substrates was the highest whereas acacia sawdust was the lowest, and it is concluded that the yields of sawdust substrates were higher than log substrates. P. gilvus grown on various sawdusts and logs used in this study have shown similar in anti-tumor activity against P388.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of planting position on the growth characteristics, yield and ginsenoside content in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer at different growth stages. Referring to shoot growth characteristics, stem length, stem diameter and leave area were higher at front than rear, increasing as the proceeding of growth stages. But a lower chlorophyll contents was caused at front compared to rear and decreased as the proceeding of growth stages contrarily. According to root characteristics, root length and main body length were higher at front, with a positive correlation to growth stages, which was also shown on fresh root weight and dry root weight with the maximum in August. Meanwhile, the effect of planting position on ginsenoside content could also be definite by the highest content at front showing high light intensity, increasing as the proceeding of growth stages as well.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to examine a financial distress premium in the emerging market. A risk-return trade-off of negative book equity (NBE) and distress firms is empirically analyzed using data from the Stock Exchange of Thailand. This research employs Ohlson's (1980) bankruptcy model as a measurement of distress risk. The results indicate that distress firms outperform solvent firms in the Thai market and deny distress anomaly often found in the developed market. Fama-Frech (1993) three-factor model and Carhart (1997) four-factor model verify the existence of a distress premium in the Thai capital market. Risk-seeking investors demand greater compensation for bearing risks of distress firms' going concern. This paper provides fresh evidence that default risk is a significant explanatory factor in pricing stocks in the emerging market. Also, this study sheds light on the role of NBE firms in asset pricing. Most studies eliminate NBE firms from their sample. However, NBE firms yield superior average cross-sectional returns, albeit with higher volatility. Investors are rewarded with distress risks associated with NBE firms. The outperformance of NBE firms is statistically significant when compared to the overall market. The NBE premium disappears when factoring size, value, and momentum in time-series analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.37-48
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• 2008

This study re-examines new aesthetic values pursued by Givenchy, analyzing by the Haute Couture line's chief designers. The following conclusions have been reached: Hubert de Givenchy pursued modernity, infused with simplicity and structured stability. In particular, Audrey Hepburn, who was a loyal client and used his line in several movies, provided him the platform for international exposure which he used to further develop what became known as the "Hepburn" style. The subsequent brief tenure of John Galliano did yield the fantastic and magnificent "Galliano-style", but with irregularity. Based on romanticism, it redefined fashion using a wide range of colors, subjects and decoration. His successor, Alexander McQueen, applied opposite elements using a hybrid technique of pastiche, parody and collage. With innovative inspiration he compromised the concepts of gender, time, space and cultures and recreated futuristic forms of nature, animals, insects and mythical images. Julien Macdonald, who was appointed in 2001 as the Artistic Director for the women's collections, minimized his individual style and preferred feminine, graceful and sexy silhouettes. He breathed fresh life in to Givenchy Haute Couture, reinterpreting the Hepburn style in a modernistic mode. Being passed on the responsibility for both collections (i.e., haute couture and ready-to-wear) in 2005, Riccardo Tisci redefined elegance, combining his unique and tailored gothic style with Givenchy's grace. He is developing the future of Givenchy, experimenting with volume, silhouettes, new kinds of fabric and techniques.