• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.403-412
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• 1994

The durability of concrete is related to the permeation characteristics of its near surface. An attempt was made to use the permeation characteristics namely, absorptivity, permeability and diffusivity, to predict the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete. Test results indicate that in general, there was a trend that freeze/thaw resistance of concrete was enhanced with improved absorptivity and diffusivity whilst the freeze/thaw resistance of normal concrete was found to have the best relationship with its intrinsic permeability. The latter method is therefore proposed to be adopted to predict freeze/thaw resistance of normal concrete. Since Figg air test is an inexpensive and simple test method that measures indirectly the intrinsic permeability of concrete, it is further proposed that it could be used as a quality control tool to assess, non-destructively, the freeze/thaw durability potential of in-situ concrete.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권5호
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• pp.663-671
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• 2023

Freeze-thaw cycles induce strength loss at the frozen soil-concrete interface and deterioration of bonding, which causes construction engineering problems. To clarify the deterioration characteristics of the interface under the freeze-thaw cycle, a frozen soil-concrete sample was used as the research object, an interface scanning electron microscope test under the freeze-thaw cycle was carried out to identify the micro index information, and an interface shear test was carried out to explore the loss law of interface shear strength under the freeze-thaw cycle. The results showed that the integrity of the interface was destroyed, and the pore number and pore size of the interface increased significantly with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The connection form gradually deteriorates from surface-to-surface contact to point-to-surface contact and point-to-point contact, and the interfacial shear strength decreases the most at 0-3 freeze-thaw cycles, with small decreases from to 3-8 cycles. After 12 freeze-thaw cycles, the interfacial shear strength tends to be stable, and shear the failure occurs internally in the soil.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.758-778
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• 2024

This study assessed previous research aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of freeze-thawing on meat quality. Specifically, it focuses on assessing the physicochemical alterations in meat resulting from freezing, freeze-thawing, or technologies to minimize these alterations. Recent studies have focused on conventional freeze-thaw technology applicable across various livestock species and muscle types. However, recent research has indicated the necessity for developing freeze-thaw technology considering the unique characteristics of individual muscles. In this review, we summarize previous studies that have compared alterations in the physicochemical properties of primary muscles owing to freezing or freeze-thawing. Despite the introduction of various technologies to significantly reduce the adverse effects on meat quality resulting from freeze-thawing, it is essential to consider the unique characteristics (proximate composition, pH, and muscle fiber characteristics) of individual muscles or cuts to develop enhanced the freeze-thaw processing technology.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.399-407
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• 2010

이 연구에서는 동결융해 사이클을 경험한 2가지 종류의 휨부재의 거동특성을 평가하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 동결융해에 따른 철근콘크리트 보의 거동특성을 검토하는 것이다. 이를 위해 일부 실험체는 동결융해를 경험하기 전, 인장철근이 항복되기까지 손상을 입도록 계획되었다. 또한 반복하중 재하시 강성저하 특성을 평가하기 위하여 단조 및 반복재하 실험을 실시하였다. 재료 실험 결과, 동결융해 300사이클을 경험한 콘크리트의 상대동탄성계수는 86.8%까지 감소되었으나 내동해저항성은 충분히 가지고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 단조재하 실험 결과, 동결융해 사이클에 따른 휨 강도, 연성 및 강성은 상대적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 인위적 균열손상을 경험한 BDF13 시리즈는 현행 콘크리트설계기준에서 요구하는 공칭모멘트를 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 반복재하시 BF75 시리즈에서 동결융해를 경험함에 따라 10% 이상의 반복강성 저하를 나타내었다. 따라서 내진부재와 같이 반복하중을 받게 되는 부재를 설계할 경우, 동결융해로 인한 압축측 콘크리트의 변형 특성도 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 지질공학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2014

We present the results of an experimental physical weathering study that focuses on fresh and slightly weathered gneiss samples from the Wonju area of Korea. The study investigated changes in the physico-mechanical properties of these samples during accelerated laboratory-based weathering, including analyses of microfracture formation. The deteriorated samples used in the study were subjected to 100-150 freeze-thaw cycles, with index properties and microfracture geometries measured between each cycle. Each complete freeze-thaw cycle lasted 24 hours, and consisted of 2 hours of saturation in a vacuum chamber, 8 hours of freezing at $-21^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and 14 hours of thawing at room temperature. Specific gravity and seismic velocity values were negatively correlated with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, whereas absorption values tended to increase. The amount of deterioration of the rock samples was dependent on the degree of weathering of the rock prior to the start of the analysis. Absorption, specific gravity, and seismic velocity values can be used to infer the amount of physical weathering experienced by a gneiss in the study area. The sizes and density of microfracture in the rock specimens varied with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. We found that box fractal dimensions can be used to quantify the formation and propagation of microfracture in the samples. In addition, these box fractal dimensions can be used as a weathering index for the mid-and long-term prediction of rock weathering. The present results indicate that accelerated-weathering analysis can provide a detailed overview of the weathering characteristics of deteriorated rocks.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.593-601
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• 2024

In this paper, the quantitative evaluation method is presented for the durability performance of mountain tunnel concrete linings experiencing freezing and thawing during winter season. To analyze the freeze-thaw characteristics of lining, the freezing time of the concrete lining was measured by the outside temperature. The heat flow analysis was conducted based on the freezing time measured through the indoor experiment, and based on this, the energy required to freeze the concrete lining by the temperature of the outside air could be analyzed. In addition, the temperature change during the winter season was measured through an instrument installed on the actual tunnel concrete lining, and based on the results of indoor and field experiments, criteria for freeze-thaw environment evaluation and progress evaluation were prepared. Also, an equation using the freezing index was proposed through regression analysis.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1989

In this research programs, a series test was conducted to show the effects of freeze/thaw process on the various soil properties. The tests were carried out taken from the west sea shore of Korean peninsular and the west sea shore of Scotland, and their results are as follows; 1. There was a positive total heave in a freezing run, although water may he expelled for the sample initially. The water flow must he reverse' from expulsion to intake. 2. The confining pressure had an overriding influence on the heave and frost penetration, a sudden change of the axial strain at failure with strain rate was observed occuring at a strain rate between 10-5 and 10-6, and the initial friction angle of frozen clay was appeared zero. 3. There was shown a significant decrease in liquid limit of soil which was subjected to freeze/thaw process for the initial value of about 20% because of soil particles aggregation. 4. The cyclic freeze/thaw caused a sinificant reduction in shear strength and its thixotropic regain. The frozen/thawed soil exibited negative strength regain, particularly at high freeze/thaw cycles. 5. The freezing temperature greatly influenced on the failure strength of soils and this. Trend was more pronounced the lower the freezing temperature and shown the ductile failure with indistinct peaks.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.261-272
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• 2009

이 연구는 강원도 원주시 일대에 분포하는 쥬라기 화강암에 대하여 동결-융해 시험을 수행하고 동결-융해 반복 횟수의 증가에 따른 암석의 물리 역학적 특성변화를 고찰하였다. 동결-융해의 한 사이클은 24시간이며 진공챔버에서 2시간동안 포화시킨 시료를 -20$\pm1^{\circ}C$로 8시간 동결하고 상온에서 14시간 동안 융해하였다. 동결-융해 시험 중에 물리적인 특성을 측정한 결과 탄성파 속도는 지속적으로 감소하였으며 흡수율은 증가히는 양상을 보였다. 시험 전 풍화등급이 높은 암석일수록 동결-융해에 따른 물성의 변화가 크며 풍화에 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 슬랩(slab) 시편에서 취득한 미세균열 트레이스의 길이 및 면적밀도는 지속적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 지속적으로 감소하는 탄성파 속도의 특성과도 부합하며 암석 내부에 미세균열이 급격히 발현 확장하고 특히 광물 결정의 결합력이 약화되는 암석 풍화에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 미세균열의 밀집도와 크기를 동시에 고려할 수 있는 박스 프랙탈 차원($D_B$)은 미세균열 트레이스의 변동성을 효과적으로 반영하며 중 장기적인 풍화 예측을 위한 새로운 풍화지수로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2020

전 세계적으로 이상기후 현상의 빈도와 강도는 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 이는 인명과 재산에 직접적인 피해를 줄 수 있으므로 이상기후에 대응하여 적정한 유지관리 전략을 수립하고 실천하는 것이 중요하다. 한파 또는 폭설이 빈번하게 발생하는 한랭지역에 건설되는 시설물의 경우에는 다른 지역에 위치하고 있는 시설물에 비하여 동결-융해에 의한 피해를 많이 받을 수 있으며, 해를 거듭할수록 그 피해 정도는 증가할 가능성이 매우 높다. 그러나 동결-융해의 피해를 정량적으로 확인할 수 있는 명확한 기준과 이에 대한 대응방안은 아직 제시되고 있지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 실내 동결시험 결과를 기반으로 지역별 기후특성을 고려한 동결조건을 -14℃에서 1일, -7℃에서 2일 또는 -5℃에서 3일 지속될 경우로 선정하였으며, 그 결과, 강원지역의 대관령(8.3회), 철원(5.3회), 태백(4.9회)의 순으로 동결-융해 환경에 노출되어 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 기반으로 도로터널의 동결-융해 평가기준을 새롭게 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 도로터널의 동결-융해 평가기준은 추후 한랭지역 터널의 정량적 평가와 유지관리 전략의 수립 시 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2022

Abnormal climate events are occurring frequently around the world. In particular, cold waves and heavy snow lead to damage and deterioration of facilities, which can cause loss of life or property damage, such as shortening the lifespan of facilities. Therefore, it is very important to prepare an appropriate maintenance system and to establish a strategy to cope with abnormal weather conditions. In this study, laboratory freezing experiments were performed to analyze the freeze-thaw characteristics affecting the tunnel concrete lining, and heat flow analysis was carried out based on the test results. Based on these experimental and theoretical analysis results, quantitative freeze-thaw evaluation criteria for tunnel concrete linings were proposed.