• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships among the levels of fasting serum insulin, free fatty acid, lipids and anthropometry in normal-weight female college students. Serum insulin and free fatty acid levels were negatively correlated. However, insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels were not correlated with fat mass or BMI(body mass index). The ability of anthropometric and biochemical indicators to predict fatness could be important for epidemiologic and clinical research. In the subjects, waist cirumference was correlated with BMI, fat mass and percent body fat, and HDLC/CHOL (high density lipoprotein cholesterol/cholesterol)was correlated with body weight, BMI, and fat mass. Our data suggests than waist circumference and HDLC/CHOL are predictors of fatness, whereas WHR apears to be a less important contributor to fatness in female college students.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.99-102
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• 2001

Toluene is mainly metabolized in liver by oxidative pathway. Oxigen free radicals occur through the process of toluene metabolism Therefore it causes tissue and cell min by the oxygen free radicals from the metabolism of toluene. Melatonin acts as a highly efficient free radical scavenger that protects cells from damage by oxygen free radicals. To test this hypothesis, toluene hepatotoxicity was induced by an abdominal injection of toluene. To see if the melatonin protects the rat's liver, melatonin was administrated orally, at the time of each toluene injection. Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanin aminotransferase(ALT), latic dehydrogenase(LDH) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) levels in serum were measured to estimate hepatic function. Malondialdehyde(MDA), which gives an indirect index of oxidative injury was also measured. Hippuric acid is the last metabolic Production of toluene was measured by HPLC. There were significantly higher in AST, ALT, LDH, MDA and hippuric acid in toluene group, but there were no significant difference in melatonin group except ALT and hippuric acid. There was significantly lower in ALP level in toluene group, but there was no significant difference melatonin group, suggesting a significant hepatotoxicity due to oxygen free radicals through the process of toluene metabolism Melatonin treatment significantly protected hepatic function and free radical-mediated injury in the liver against toluene-induced changes. Accordingly, this study shows that melatonin is helpful in protecting liver injury by acute toluene intoxication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.575-581
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• 2000

Quality characteristics of kochujang prepared with appleand persimmon were investigated during 14 weeks of fermentation. The water activity decreased slightly during fermentation and was higher in kochujang (I) prepared with apple than in kochujang (II) prepared with presimmon. The reducing sugar contents increased from 10.95% in kochujang (I) and 10.30% in kochujang (II) to 16.68, 19.14% after 10 weeks of fermentation, respectively. The free sugar contents in kochujang (I) were maltose 10.55, glucose 8.47 and fructose, 3.02% after 12 weeks of fermentation. The free sugar content in kochujang (II) were maltose 10.55, glucose 21.65, glucose 8.71 and fructose 2.98 after 6 weeks of fermentation. The major free sugar in kochujang (I) and (II) was maltose. The organic acids detected in kochujangs were citric, malic, lactic and oxalic acids. The contents of citric acid and malic acid were higher than other acids in both kochujangs. The contents of total free amino acids were 187.59~420.94 mg% in kochujang (I) and 154.67~316.93 mg% in kochujang (II). The contents of aspartic acid, proline and glutamic acid were high in kochujang (I) and (II).

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.100-102
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• 1991

The features of waste water from by-product silk treatment of silk reeling process were investigated and the lipid extracted from waste water was analysed. The COD of waste water from by-product silk treatment was at the level of 605 mgO/$\ell$ Total Dissolved Solid Particles 2,335mg/$\ell$and Total Suspended Solid Particles 2,123mg/$\ell$. The lipid extracted from the waste water from by-product silk treatment was composed of triglyceride 76.8%, free fatty acids 12.5%, diglyceride 5.7% and free sterol 5.0%. In fatty acid composition of lipid, the content of loeic acid, linoleic and linolenic acid was 64.93%, whereas that of palmitic acid was 29.39% and stearic acid 4.93%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: There is lack of comprehensive compositional data of the amino acid profile of spinach with regard to different cultivars. A more detailed knowledge in this aspect will be of benefit in the future selection of spinach genotypes with improved nutritional quality.METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of cultivar type (Jeoncheonhu, Sagyejul, Namdongcho and Mustang) and harvest time (79^th, 116^th and 145^th days after sowing or DAS) on the concentrations of free amino acids in field-grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were examined. About 35 different free amino acids were detected and quantified by the amino acid analyzer. Glutamic acid and proline were identified as the major amino acids, while α -aminoadipic acid and α-aminobutyric acid were present in much lower concentrations. Spinach constituted 1468.4 mg/100 g total free amino acids (TAA), of which essential amino acids, neutral/acidic amino acids and sulphur containing amino acids constituted around 15, 45 and 2% of the TAA, respectively. The most limiting amino acids among the leafy vegetables - cysteine was recorded only in Mustang harvested at 116 DAS. Free amino acid contents did not differ significantly among the spinach cultivars and also at different harvest times.CONCLUSION: The data show that, either of the spinach cultivars, preferably Mustang harvested on or after 116 DAS can serve as a significant source of nutritionally relevant amino acids to meet the demand of the growing populations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 1992

Three kinds of soy sauce were prepared using the brick type of conventional meju (A), the brick type of meju of Aspergillus oryzae (B), and the grain type of meju of Aspergillus oryzae (C) in summer. Free amino acids were analyzed in according to aging time of those products. Findings are as follows. Lysine, histidine, serine, glycine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine were detected in all kinds of soy sauce at the beginning preparation. Aspertic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, threonine, arginine, and leucine were detected during 90 days. Isoleucine and tyrosine were detected during 180 days. Lysine and histidine were shown higher content among the detected free amino acids. The each content of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and methionine was decreased in passing the aging time. The total content of free amino acids was shown 3,559-4,119 mg/100 ml at the 180 days. The total content of free amino acids of soy sauce C was higher than that of other soy sauces.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 1985

In this experiment, the contents of free amino acids, and nucleotides and their related compounds of dried cod products were analysed by amino acid autoanalyzer and HPLC. Proline, histidine, lysine and alanine were dominant amino acids in raw extracts, having $65.4\%$ of total free amino acid contents, but the contents of aspartic acid, serine, isoleucine and phenylalanine were low, and methionine, tyrosine and arginine were detected in trace amount. In free amino acid composition of dried products, abundant amino acids were glycine, histidine, lysine, proline and alanine. Such amino acid as aspartic acid, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were poor. In extracts of storage sample, most free amino acids were increased in both sun dried products and hot air dried products, and glycine, histidine, lysine, proline and alanine were abundant amino acid, such amino acid as methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were poor. In raw cod, inosine and IMP were dominant contents which 18.5, $10.0{\mu}mole/g$ on dry base, respectively, but the contents of ATP, ADP, hypoxanthine and AMP were detected less than $3.2{\mu}mole/g$. ATP and ADP were decreased while IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine were increased during drying and storage of cod.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 1972

Sweet potato lipids were isolated into free and bound lipid fractions and subjected to fractionation and quantitation by thin layer chromatography, followed by flavor evaluation. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Sweet potato flour contained 1.75% total lipids on a dry weight basis, of which free and bound forms were 0.95% and 0.80%, respectively. 2) TLC indicated the presence of 13 components in free lipids and 9 components in bound lipids, of which phospholipids accounted for 34.5% and free fatty acids, 17.2%, as the major components. 3) Free fatty acids were separated and quantitatively determined by reversed TLC to give 30.1% palmitic acid, 16.7% linoleic acid, 15.8% oleic acid and 9.8% linolenic acid as the main components. 4) The flavor of various lipid fractions were evaluated and the disagreeable taste and odor of sweet potato flour was mainly found in the bound lipid fraction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.207-211
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the lipid content and neutral lipid compositions of Japonica and indica rice bran oils. The average content ratio of neutral lipids, g]ycolipids and phospholipids were 89.5 : 4.0 : 6.5 in japonica rice bran oil and 93.7 : 2.6 : 3.7 in Indica rice bran oils, respectively. It was seen that the neutral lipid content was significantly higher in JAponica rice bran oil, while the contents of glycolopods and phospholipids were significantly higher in japonica rice bran oils. The neutral lipids consisted of esterified sterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, free sterol, diglyceride and monoglyceride. Triglyceride was the highest (48.7-49.7%) among the neutral lipids. Major fatty acids of rice bran oils were oleic (39.65-43.68f)), linoleic (32.62-39.42%) and palmitic acid (16.54-18.83%). The linoleic acid content was higher in Japonica rice bran oils than in indica rice bran oils.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2013

The proximate composition, free amino acid composition and mineral contents from Undariopsis peterseniana were determined, and the antioxidant activities of ethanol (EtOH) and hot water extracts of U. peterseniana were investigated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) radical scavenging effects and reducing power. The contents of moisture, ash, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were 12.5%, 23.1%, 9.7%, 0.2% and 54.5%, respectively, and alginic acid content was 12.3%. The major free amino acid contents were alanine, phenylalanine, aminoethanol, valine, glutamic acid and phosphoserine. Ca (1589.1 mg) was the largest mineral followed by Na (344.6 mg), Mg (74.3 mg), Zn (10.2 mg) and Fe (1.5 mg). The total phenolic contents of EtOH and hot water extracts were exhibited at 15.7 and 4.3 mg GAE/g sample, respectively. The antioxidant activity of EtOH extract exhibited strong ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities with reducing power, and hot water extract also demonstrated strong ABTS radical scavenging effects. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that U. peterseniana contained an abundance of naturally occurring nutrients (free amino acids and minerals), and the strong antioxidant activities of EtOH and hot water extracts from U. peterseniana could be good sources of natural antioxidants for healthcare products.