• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 1997

To control free formaldehyde release from fabric finished with N-methylol compounds, resin finished cotton fabric was treated with resorcinol solution, dried and cured. Factors affecting to control formaldehyde release have been investigated. It was shown that the aftertreatment with resorcinol greatly suppressed the free formaldehyde release. Up to concentration of about 5% of resorcinol, the concentration of resorcinol effected on the control of free and evolved formaldehyde. And at high concentration of resorcinol, however, the concentration became rather insensitive to contol formaldehyde release. Addition of some salt catalysts such as ammonium chloride, zinc nitrate, sodium acetate and ammonium acetate, was effective in decreasing formaldehyde release. Considering the effect on the control of formaldehyde and crease recovery, ammonium acetate was concidered to be the best catalyst. It was observed that the optimum curing temperature for the resorcinol treatment was about 15$0^{\circ}C$, and that the curing time did not affected formaldehyde release over three minutes. Although the treatment of resorcinol had a little adverse effect on crease recovery of resin finished fabric, this effect could be negligible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 1979

In order to control free formaldehyde release from fabric finished with urea-formaldehyde precondensate, the resin finished fabric was padded in urea or acylamide solution, dried and cured at $140^{\circ}C$. The effect of aftertreatment with urea or acrylamide on free formaldehyde release and on characteristics of resin finished fabric were examined. It was shown that aftertreatment with urea was effective to control free formaldehyde release, the free formaldelyde content in aftertreated fabric could be reduced from 900 ppm to 200 ppm and formaldehyde release under accelerated storage condition was also reduced from 8000 ppm to 1000 ppm. Polyacrylamide formed in the fiber during aftertreatment appeared to be a formaldehyde capture. Especially by washing the aftertreated fabric, the ability to control formaldehyde release under accelerated condition was not dimimished in contrast with aftertreated with unea. It suggests that polyacrylamide can be used as a formaldehyde capture which withstand diminution from washing.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 1980

This study is carried out to determine the scavenging effect of resorcinol added into the urea formaldehyde resin on the formaldehyde release of plywood, as the preliminary study of using the phenolic substances. The method for formaldehyde determination used in this report is the improved chromotropic acid determination. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Resorcinol added into the urea formaldehyde adhesive acts as a good scavenger. 4 percent of resorcinol reduced the formaldehyde release to less than half content. 2. Adding resorcinol gave better glue shear strength than that of control, showing the peak of the shear strength, at 2 percent and decreased to the same strength as control along its content of 4 percent. 3. Moisture content of air dried plywood met the standard very well.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 1991

As the model compounds, citral and n-octanol which possess similar characteristics and structures of low molecular weight insect pheromones and $({\pm})-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-heptan-3-one$ which shows the aggregation pheromones activity of the rice weevil and the maize weevil were microencapsulated with low molecular weight polyethylene(LMPE) and urea-formaldehyde resin as wall materials. The core materials were microencapsulated as small particles in LMPE and urea-formaldehyde resin polymers and the microencapsulated polymers were white powders. And the polymer made from urea-formaldehyde resin was better than that from LMPE as wall material. The slow releasing effect and the releasing patten of the microencapsulated core materials were examined by solvent extraction method and headspace sampling method. Citral and n-octanol and $({\pm})-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-heptan-3-one$ were release more than 40 days and 15 days, respectively. The releasing pattern of urea-formaldehyde resin microcapsules showed rather smooth decrease than that of LMPE and was maintained at steady level longer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.13 no.1 s.29
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1989

This paper is concerned with formaldehyde release from durable press finished rayon fabrics. $100\%$ rayon fabrics were treated with 3 kinds of commercial N-methylol crosslinking agents using a pad-dry cure technique. Aqueous extractions of fabric samples were carried out at $40^{\circ}C$ under pH's of 4, 7, 10. Formaldehyde release was evaluated for the types of resins, catalyst concentrations and extraction conditions. Results indicated that the higher concentration of catalyst leads to the more fixation of resin on the fabric. Total formaldehyde released to the extract was decreased as the catalyst concentration increased. For the resin types, the amount of formaldehyde released was in the order of DMU>MDMDHEU>DMDHEU. Free formaldehyde content in the extract was in the order of pH10>pH4>pH7. This result proved that resins are least resistant to alkaline hydrolysis and the N-C bond cleavage under alkaline condition. Under acidic condition, however, N-methylol formaldehyde was accumulated before the release of free formaldehyde. This suggested the C·0 bond cleavalge to form carbonium - immonim intermediate.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.221-231
• /
• 2012

Rayon fabrics were treated with some commercial non-formaldehyde and low-formaldehyde resins, and then their effect on the physicochemical properties of fabrics, including formaldehyde release, tear strength, shrinkage, and wrinkle recovery, were investigated respectively. Rayons treated with non-formaldehyde resin, little formaldehyde release was observed. Considering other factors, the optimal concentration of non-formaldehyde resin was shown to be 11-13%, and curing temperature was $170{\sim}175^{\circ}C$. In case of low-formaldehyde type, 9-11% resin concentration and curing temperature of $170{\sim}180^{\circ}C$ were recommended for optimal finishing condition. The choice and combination of resins and catalysts were also important factors, and preliminary considerations before resin-finishing of rayon are also important to get much better results.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.121-130
• /
• 2012

Cotton fabrics were treated with some commercial non-formaldehyde and low-formaldehyde resins, and then their effect on the physicochemical properties were respectively investigated including formaldehyde release, tear strength, shrinkage, and wrinkle recovery. Formaldehyde release less than 10ppm was obtained only by non-formaldehyde resin. Considering other factors, the optimal concentration of non-formaldehyde resin was shown to be 9-11%. In case of low-formaldehyde type, 5-7% resin concentration and curing temperature of $160{\sim}170^{\circ}C$ were recommended for optimal finishing condition. The choice and combination of resins and catalysts were also important factors, and preliminary considerations before treating cotton fabrics with resins used in this study are also important to get much better results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 1986

In order to control the formaldehyde release from D.P. finished fabric, cotton fabric was padded in DMDHEU resin bath containing either $Zn(NO_3)_2$ or $MgCl_2$ catalyst and a form-aldehyde scavenger like Glycerol, Sorbitol, Formamide, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, n= 2000) or diols, then dried and cured. The results are as follows : 1. When Lewis acid catalyst like $Zn(NO_3)_2$ or $MgCl_2$ was added in pad bath, the fabric finished with $Zn(NO_3)_2$ catalyst released the lower formaldehyde than with $MgCl_2$. 2. When the effect of pad bath pH was examined with varying the kinds of catalyst and the scavenger, it was found that the pad bath pH influenced on the amount of formaldehyde release and the optimum pad bath pH is at 4.3. Especially, in case of finishing at pad bath pH 4.3 with adding Formamide, the amount of formaldehyde release was decreased by about $45\~$35\%$ with $Zn(NO_3)_2$, while by about $20\~$45\%$ with $MgCl_2$ catalyst. In case of varying the concentration of a scavenger (Formamide), $1\%$ concentration of a scavenger was found to be the optimum level ana the higher the curing temperature up to $180^{\circ}C$, the lesser the amount of formaldehyde release were observed. 3. When the diol was used as scavenger, the amount of formaldehyde release was decreased by about $40\~$50\%$, but the longer the intramolecular length between OH groups, the lessor the amount of decrease of formaldehyde release were observed. 4. When the mixture of scavengers (Formamide and Glycerol) was added in the pad bath, .synergistic effect on formaldehyde release between the two scavengers wasn't observed. 5. The tensile strength of the resin finished fabric was reduced with increasing the pad lath pH and was influenced by the kind of scavengers, and the tensile strength was severely reduced when scavengers, especially Formamide, was added. The wrinkle recovery property is generally improved by resin finish on cotton fabric. When Formamide was added, the wrinkle recovery property is slightly decreased compared with that of the fabrics resin finished without a scavenger, and when polyol was added, the wrinkle recovery property showed almost no change.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.597-604
• /
• 2014

Laboratory-scale landfills (simulated landfills) were designed to determine the formaldehyde released into air and leachate from medium density fiberboard (MDF). Simulated landfills were constructed using cylindrical plastic containers containing alternating layers of soil and MDF for a total of five layers. The highest concentration of formaldehyde was found in the air and leachate from the MDF only treatment compared to treatments containing MDF and soil. At the end of the study (28 days), formaldehyde concentrations in air and leachate from treatments containing MDF and soil decreased by 70 percent and 99 percent, respectively, while the treatment containing MDF only still released formaldehyde into the air and leachate. Therefore, waste MDF after storing 4 weeks in water may be recycled as compost or mulch based on formaldehyde leaching. Also, these data indicate soil restricts formaldehyde release into air and leachate and provides new information about the fate of wood-based composite waste containing UF resin disposed in landfills.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.123-126
• /
• 2010

Volatile organic compounds are commonly off gassed from various building materials and can induce sick building syndrome. Volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde, xylene and toluene are known as toxic agents in immune cells. Human leukocytes, particularly, neutrophils and eosinophils play important roles in the regulation of immune responses. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of formaldehyde, ortho-xylene (o-xylene), para-xylene (p-xylene) and toluene on the apoptosis of neutrophils and eosinophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors. Formaldehyde increased the constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils and eosinophils. o-xylene, p-xylene and toluene increased the spontaneous apoptosis of eosinophils, but not that of neutrophils. Formaldehyde increased the protein level of IL-8 in neutrophils and eosinophils, and suppressed the MCP-1 expression in neutrophils. The release of IL-6 from neutrophils was diminished by volatile organic compounds used in this study. In conclusion, formaldehyde, xylene and toluene elevate the apoptosis of neutrophils and eosinophils, and regulate the release of cytokine and chemokine in neutrophils and eosinophils. These results indicate that formaldehyde, xylene and toluene have a cytotoxicity in human neutrophils and eosinophils and may damage the modulation of immune responses.