• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2003

In most mountainous parts of the temperate zone of Japan along the Pacific Ocean, some climatic climax forests, whose main dominant species is Fagus crenate, F. japonica or Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, are distributed. In the riparian regions of the zone, however, there appear summer green forests composed of the different species from the climatic climax forests. Climate plays an important role in determining the overall distribution of vegetation, but some environmental factors, i.e., topography, soil type, soil moisture content, etc. have a great influence on vegetation formation. Riparian forests seem to be controlled by various geomorphologic disturbances, such as landslide, soil erosion and accumulation. The study aims to present the relationships among vegetation, soils and landforms in the process of determining riparian forests dominated by Fraxinus platypoda and Pterocarya rhoifolia establishment in the mountainous region of central Japan. The study area extends an area of 302 ha with a range of elevation between 925 m and 1,681 m at the Chichibu mountains. The landforms were corditied at sampling grids (25 $\times$ 25 m, n = 4,843) using a hierarchical system, and a brief description of the forest soil classification was also given. The mutual relationship analysis indicated that forest soils and landforms play a significant role in determining the geomorphological process of riparian forest, and shaping the ultimate pattern of vegetation. At the study area, riparian forests were mainly found on the $B_E$ forest soil type and steep slopes ( > 30$^{\circ}$) at convex slopes along the streams. On the other hand, the direction of slopes did not have a significant impact on the establishment of the riparian forests. A mosaic of patchy distribution of those riparian forests on the slightly wetter $B_E$ forest soil type was one of the characteristic features of the study area. This particular soil which contained large talus gravels was found on the land formed by erosion and deposition of landslide.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2007

Paper sludges collected from three different paper mills were physico-chemically analyzed in order to use them as raw materials for making bed soils and seedling pots. The sludge from a fine paper mill contained lots of inorganic pigment particles used for coating, as those from a newsprint mill and a tissue mill had not. It was clearly through XRD analysis confirmed that all sludges included calcium carbonate. The paper sludge from the tissue mill contained the greatest amount of particles, which would contribute to water absorption and nutrient storage. The sludge from the fine paper mill had the highest density due to many inorganic elements. While the ash content and the total nitrogen content were the highest in the sludge from the fine paper mill, the C/N ratio was the lowest in the fine paper mill sludge. All sludges seemed to have insufficient contents of potassium. The sludges from the newsprint mill and the tissue mill showed more silicon contents than that from the fine paper mill. It was concluded that the sludge from the fine paper mill would be able to be the most efficient raw materials for making bed soils and seedling pots and the other two sludges would be more efficient for intensive culture for crops such as rice and grain with additional supplement of nitrogen and other nutrients.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2007

In order to supplement insufficient nutrients of paper sludges, additional materials such as saw dust and rice husk were added during preparation of bed soils. Rice husk was more finely ground, compared to saw dust. The fine particles of the rice husk prevented their flow in a barrel of the expander. The mixed additives with paper sludges could be used to control the quantity of required nutrients for raising plants. That is, except for potassium and manganese, most of nutrients were decreased with adding the additives to paper sludge. The acidity of the paper sludges mixed with the saw dust or the rice husk was a little decreased with the increased amount of the additives. Differently from the bulk density of the paper sludges, the moisture content and the water absorption rate of the paper sludges were incremented with increasing the additives.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권1호통권158호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

질소와 인의 농도가 다른 만경강 하천토양에 친수성 목본식물인 갯버들을 재배하여 식물체의 생장량과 광합성, 그리고 토양내의 질소와 유효인산$(P_2O_5)$의 함량변화 등을 조사하였다. 만경강 하천토양 내 질소와 유효인산의 함량은 비교적 하류에 위치하면서 일부 축산오수가 유입되고 있는 삼례철교 부근의 하천토양에서 가장 높았다. 하천토양에서 재배된 갯버들은 줄기의 길이생장이 가장 왕성(170-215%)하였고, 다음으로 직경생장이 양호(42.3-79.3%)하였다. 전반적으로 질소의 함량이 높은 하천토양일수록 갯버들의 생장이 더 왕성하였다. 식물체의 광합성량은 질소의 함량이 많은 토양에서 약간 높았고, 8월에 최대치를 나타내었다. 갯버들을 재배함으로써 하천토양에서 질소는 14-15% 정도 제거되었고, 유효인산은 9-11% 정도 제거되었다. 갯버들은 인보다는 질소의 제거에 더 효과적이었으며, 질소와 인산 모두 농도가 높은 토양에서 제거율도 높은 경향을 나타내었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.417-431
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• 2005

한국에서 산성 강하물에 의하여 대부분의 토양은 교환성 양이온, 특히 $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ 및 $Ca^{2+}$가 세탈되어 유럽과 북미의 삼림 쇠퇴 지역의 토양과 버금가는 수준이고, 염기성 양이온/알루미늄이온$(BC/Al^{3+})$의 몰 비가 낮아서 식물의 정상 생장의 임계 부하수준으로 낮아졌다. 광릉 삼림의 수관은 산성 강하물 중에서 $NO_3^-$와 $NH_4^+$을 흡수하여 수용원(sink)으로, $K^+$을 세탈하여 공급원(source)으로 작용하지만 산성 강하 물량이 많은 관악산의 삼림은 그러한 기능이 저하되었다 침엽수림과 활엽수림 분수계 생태계는 총수관 통과수의 $K^+$, $NH_4^+$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3^-$ 및 $SO_4^{2-}$를 임상토양에 보유하고, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ 및 $Ca^{2+}$을 임상토양에서 계류수로 세탈하고 있어 산성 강하물에 대한 삼림의 반작용이 큼을 보이고 있다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 국내 산림 지역의 토양에서 서식하는 곤충병원성 진균을 insect-baiting 방법을 이용하여 분리하고자 하였으며, 곤충병원성 진균과 토양의 물리적, 화학적 특성과의 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 국내 산림 지역 5곳을 선정하여 토양을 채집하였으며, 채집된 토양에서 총 42 분리주를 분리하였다. 그 중 Beauveria bassiana (42.9%)와 Metarhizium anisopliae (45.2%)가 주로 분리되었으며, 특히 M. anisopliae의 분포는 토양의 총 질소량(g/kg)과 유기물 함량(%)에 따라 달라지는 것이 확인되었다. 국내 산림 지역의 토양은 낮은 pH를 보였으며(pH 4-5), 전체 분리주 중에서 미사질 양토(silt loam)에서 50% 이상이 분리되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 통하여 토양의 물리적, 화학적 특성과 곤충병원성 진균의 분포 및 다양성과의 관계를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제82권3호
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• pp.246-253
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• 1993

삼림토양(森林土壤)의 비옥도(肥沃度)를 질소성분(窒素成分)의 면에서 해명하기 위한 하나의 수단으로서 서로 다른 8개(個) 토양형(土壤型)에 대하여 질소(窒素)의 형태(形態)를 검토하였다. 유기물층(有機物層) 및 광질토양층(鑛質土壤層)의 무기능질소(無機態窒素)($NH_4-N+NO_3-N$)는 전질소(全窒素)에 대한 비율이 O층(層), 표층토(表層土) 및 하층토(下層土)에서 각각 약 2%, 3.7% 및 4.1% 이었다. O층(層)에 있어서의 유기능(有機能) 질소(窒素)의 형태(形態)는 분해(分解)가 진행됨에 따라 전반적으로 aminoacid-N의 감소와 amide-N 및 hexosamine-N의 증가(增加)경향이 있었다. 공시(供試)한 O층(層)의 각층위에 있어서 가수분해성질소(可水分解性窒素)는 약 80-90%로 수종간(樹種間) 또는 층위별간(層位別間)의 큰 차이는 없었다. L층(層)에 있어서는 aminoacid-N가 가장 많아 약 40-50%에 달했으며, 가수분해성질소(可水分解性窒素)의 반(半)이상을 점하였다. Amide-N은 적었으며 약 10-23% 이었다. 이들 유기능질소(有機態窒素)의 각(各) 획분조성(劃分助成)에 있어서 수종(樹種)에 따른 영향은 크게 나타나지 않았다. 환경인자(環境因子)의 영향(影響)을 가장 크게 반영하는 O층(層) 및 표층토(表層土)에 있어서 건성형(乾性型) 토양(土壤)과 습성형(濕性型) 토양(土壤)간의 명료한 차이는 없었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify characteristics of domestic pine forest soils and to elucidate major soil influencing factors for natural regeneration. We analyzed the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil samples collected from 23 pine forests and confirmed the similar results with the forest soil characteristics. Soil pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen, exchangeable Ca, silt content, and exchangeable Al were selected as the major soil factors among the exposed soils through 10 days of pine seedlings exposure and cultivation experiments and statistical analysis. Multiple regression analysis showed that soil pH had a positive effect on specific root length (SRL) of red pine seedlings and exchangeable Al was a significant factor affecting negative change in SRL. Taken together, the reduction of exchangeable Al by soil pH adjustment would be helpful for natural regeneration by restoring the forest and improving the fine root and root integrity of pine seedlings. Therefore, soil pH and exchangeable Al could be recommended as a major soil factor to be carefully considered in the monitoring and management of soil in pine forests that need to be renewed in the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken in moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the physical properties of soils in relation to the forest structure and composition. Twelve forest types according to the altitude, slope aspect and species compositions were selected for the study. Physical properties of soil i.e., soil colour, soil texture (per cent of sand, silt and clay), moisture content, water holding capacity, porosity, bulk density (gm/$cm^3$) and void ratio were analyzed for three different depths viz., (i) 'upper' (0-10 cm), (ii) 'middle' (11-30 cm) and (iii) 'lower' (31-60 cm) in all the selected forest types. Phytosociological and diversity parameters viz. total basal cover ($Gha^{-1}$), stem density ($Nha^{-1}$), tree species richness, Simpson concentration of dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were also calculated for each forest type. This study also provides the comparisons between the results of physical analysis of the present study with numerous other previous studies in the temperate Himalayan region of the Uttarakhand.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2010

This paper was studied $CO_2$ respiration rate with physicochemical properties of soils at wetland, paddy field and forest in Nongju-ri, Haeryong-myeon, Suncheon city, Jeollanam-do. Soil temperature and $CO_2$ respiration rate were measured at the field, and soil pH, moisture and soil organic carbon were analyzed in laboratory. Field monitoring was conducted at 6 points (W3, W7, W13, W17, W23, W27) for wetland, 3 points (P1, P2, P3) for paddy field and 3 points (F1, F2, F3) for forest in 10 January 2009. $CO_2$ concentrations in chamber were measured 352~382 ppm for wetland, 364~382 ppm for paddy field and 379~390 ppm for forest, and the average values were 370 ppm, 370 ppm and 385 ppm, respectively. $CO_2$ respiration rates of soils were measured $-73{\sim}44\;mg/m^2/hr$ for wetland, $-74{\sim}24\;mg/m^2/hr$ for paddy field and $-55{\sim}106\;mg/m^2/hr$ for forest, and the average values were $-8\;mg/m^2/hr$, $-25\;mg/m^2/hr$ and $38\;mg/m^2/hr$. $CO_2$ was uptake from air to soil in wetland and paddy field, but it was emission from soil to air in forest. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in uptake condition increased exponential and linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. But, it in emission condition decreased linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in wetland decreased linear as soil moisture, but its in paddy and forest increased linear as soil moisture. $CO_2$ respiration rate function in all sites increased linear as soil pH, and increasing rate at forest was highest.