• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.306-315
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• 2010

The stress laminated timber, which could be manufactured by small dimension lumber on construction site, has high possibilities for bridges in remote area, such as recreation forest or forest road, because those bridges may be short span and low frequency in use. The stress laminated timber has merits of easiness for preservative treatment and transportation because it is manufactured with small dimension lumber. This study was carried out to analyze performances of stress laminated timber manufactured with preservative treated domestic pitch pine for developing structural design data for stress laminated timber bridges for vehicular traffic. Perpendicular to grain compressive performance by preservative treatment and bending performance by bored holes of pitch pine lumber was analyzed. Then, the effects of bending performance by pre-stress pressure, distance of bolts, number of laminations and planning were analyzed. Conclusively, planning of lumber was not necessary for manufacturing stress laminated timber, and 80% of bending stiffness criteria was maintained as pre-stress pressure was higher than 3.0 kg/$cm^2$. However, further researches are needed to define the effects of bolt distances and number of laminations. The results of this research would be basic data for design stress laminated timber bridges for vehicular traffic in Korea.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

This study was carried out to compile year 2001 forest resource statistics for the State of Virginia. USA. Virginia has 15.8 million acres (6.4 million ha) of forested 1and, accounting for 62% of the landcover with non-industrial private forest landowners owning 77% of the forested area. Deciduous forests make up 78% of Virginia's forests. Total tree volume is 26.5 billion cubic ft, of which average volume per acre is $1.677ft^3/ac(117m^3/ha)$. The overall annual volume of roundwood output is $543\;million\;ft^3$. Tree growth exceeds removals by $271\;million\;ft^3$ each year for all species statewide. Average net forest land loss in Virginia is 20,000 acre (8,094 ha) per year. In 1999, the forest products industry contributed over $25.4 billion to Virginia's economy while providing over 248,000 jobs. Among forest industries logging contributes to the economy at over $863 million/yr; timber accounts for the greatest amount (28%) of the total market value of Virginia's agricultural crops. Revenue received from stumpage by landowners exceeded $345 million/yr. In their entirety. Virginia's forests provide over $30.5 billion in annual return. including $3 billion for recreation and $1.9 billion for carbon sequestation and pollution control.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the forest community classification and vegetation structure in NYNRF(National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest). We studied by 26 plots($20{\times}20m$) from April to September 2014. NYNRF were classified into the Quercus mongolica Community, Quercus variabilis community and Acer pictum community in the 3 community units. The Q. mongolica Community was subdivided into the Pinus densiflora group and Typical group and A. pictum community was also subdivided into the Euonymus sachalinensis group and Typical group. NYNRF were classified into 3 communities and 4 groups and 5 VU(vegetation units). According to the result of importance value analysis between vegetation units, VU 1 P. densiflora(65.1%), VU 2 Q. mongolica(73.6%), VU 3 Q. variabilis(75.1%), VU 4 E. sachalinensis(33.3%) and VU 5 Lindera erythrocarpa(27.1%) were highly showed in tree layer and VU 1 Rhododendron mucronulatum (19.3%), VU 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (16.9%), VU 3 Indigofera kirilowii (75.1%), VU 4 and VU 5 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(each other 14.8% and 24.7%) were highly showed in herb layer. In INSPAN(INdicator SPecies ANalysis) of vegetation units, 33 species were analyzed significantly(p<0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.171-179
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• 2007

Ecotourism has a concept of conservation as a basis, for economic and social values are derived from the sustainable use of natural resources. This study aims to introduce natural landscape of the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland and to describe its conservation and tourism in the Park, in order to provide the implication of landscape conservation of National Parks in Korea. Although the National Parks of Scotland were officially established long after those of England and Wales, their important features had already been internationally recognised and designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest(SSSI), National Nature Reserve(NNR), or National Scenic Area(NSA). These focus on landscape conservation and are managed by Scottish Natural Heritage(SNH). The Cairngorms National Park focuses on landscape conservation and recreation, and has been the subject of a number of initiatives attempting to assess landscape resource potential and its current and future management. This implies that a carefully preserved landscape has the effect of a tourism resource in which tourists look for novelty embedded in the typicality of the landscape of the National Park. The typical landscape which is conserved in the Cairngorms National Park is understood as both an objective representative and a subjective ideal involving the meaning of the landscape. This is implicit in the tourist booklet that promotes the sightseeing activities of tourists. It is thus important that National Parks should be focused both on managing landscape as well as promoting tourism.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.929-935
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• 2005

The Monitoring System developed in this study was designed to help manage the recreational forests by gathering data on visitors' profiles and their opinions about recreational use and related facilities, This data could identify for changing situations in forest recreation demand as well as providing information on planning the management and use of the forest areas in advance. The standardized questionnaire had contained visitor profiles, activities, distribution of use by area, distribution us by time, duration of the visit, expenditure of visitors and information on visitor satisfaction and motivation. Also, the questionnaire had included the evaluations visitors' perception of facilities in order to identify the importance and performance of the various facilities, such as recreational and educational facilities, accomodations, directional signs as well as infrastructure. The monitoring system was developed in the object-oriented programming (OOP) environment. Microsoft Visual Basic 6,0 for the program language, Microsoft Access, and Excel program were used to develop the system. The monitoring system was composed of data input, database, and data analysis system, Once data were put into data input system, it automatically transferred to database, and it eventually produced the results of statistical analysis with one step procedure. This study was integrated with facilities and visitor monitoring system to identify the visitor impact at the recreational forests. In addition, this monitoring system would provide necessary and useful background information for management on recreational use of natural resources in a practical manner.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.6 no.spc
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• pp.71-74
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• 2017

A specimen of the oribatid mite, Gustavia aominensis Fujikawa, 2008, was isolated from litter and soil samples of Sasa borealis at Cheongok Mountain Natural Recreation Forest in Bonghwa, Gyeongbuk, Korea. This is the first record of this species in Korea. We provide detailed illustrations of the diagnostic features of this species relative to the original description as well as a key for Korean Gustavia species along with illustrations.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

This paper aims to develop a GIS(Geographic Information System) application model as a decision-making support system in order to evaluate the potential of forests according to their functions, or to classify forest functions. The forest functions analyzed in this study are as follows: production of timber, stable supply of water resources, forest hazards prevention, recreation in forests, conservation of living conditions and natural environment. Using a model possible to evaluate the potential of each forest function and to assort forest functions by making priority-based decisions according to the functions, as well as allowing for various possible analysis environments, its application has been reviewed. Factors for assessing the forest functions could be built by using the following three categories: four maps-topographical map, vegetation map, forest site map and basic forest land use map-whose quantitative drawings had already been made; other self-established maps, such as one indicating the location of sawmills, location map of expressway interchanges, and spatial data of national population distribution map; and attribute data of population and precipitation. The GIS application developed here contributes to the evaluation of forest functions in all the subject areas by map units and national forest management districts based upon the assessment system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.203-213
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to segment recreationists into groups which are homogeneous with respect to their spending patterns and trip characteristics. Date were derived from a larger study aimed at developing nationally representative expenditure profiles for recreation visitors to Corps of Engineers projects. Segmentation of these data reduces variance and helps to identify distinctive final demand vectors for input - output application. A - priori and cluster analysis approaches for identifying segments are compared. The a - priori segmentation approach identified 12 segments and the cluster analysis approach identified 3 segments. The 3 nonresident clusters - labeled "day use", "overnight", and "overnight camping" - show lower mean squares within groups than the a - priori segments on almost all nonresident spending categories with an exception of boating expenses. For the Corps of Engineers, implications of these findings for the estimation of economic impacts are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine and compare the perceived number of users (PNU) and evaluative standards for each type of visitors to "Healing Field" of Jangseong Pyunbaek Healing Forest (JPHF). Data were collected from 158 samples selected by convenient sampling method from the users of "Healing Field" in JPHF during September 2017. Visitors to "Healing Field" consisted of 49.3% for recreation (VR), 15.3% for healing (VH), and 35.3% for both recreation and healing (VRH). Respondents' average PNU was 23.8 (median: 20.0), and the range of average PNU by visitor type was 21.1-27.8 (median: 20.0). Respondents' PNU showed low correlations with perceived crowding (PC) (r=0.23) and perceived interference of healing experience (PIHE) (r=0.20). There were no differences in the optimal number of users (ONU) of "Healing Field" among the types of visitors. The overall average ONU was 28.9(median: 25.0), and the range of average ONU by types of visitors was 25.4-31.4 (median: 25.0-27.5). The overall maximum acceptable number of users (MANU) was 38.1, and MANU for VR, VH, and VRH was 36.9, 32.0, and 38.0, respectively. Respondents' mean PC was 2.73 (SD: 3.26, 9-point scale) while mean PIHE was 3.26 (SD: 1.77, 9-point scale). The VRH group showed a higher PC and PIHE than the VR group. The group with greater PNU than ONU showed higher PC and PIHE than the other groups. Based on the results, this paper presented some managerial implications, discussed the limitations of the study, and suggested the further studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.337-351
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• 2015

The articles, published in the Journal of Korean Forest Society from Volume 1 (1962) to Volume 102 (2013), were investigated for the research trend analysis about forest plants for special purposes, i.e., edible plants, medicinal plants, feed resources, landscape plants, fiber plants, industrial usage, bee plants, bioenergy/phytoremediation uses, dye materials, and rare/endangered/endemic plants. These research articles were classified again based on the contents of research into following categories - habitat environment, ecology, physiology, propagation, silviculture (including planting and tending), genetics and breeding, identification, pest and disease control, animal-related research, components analysis and extracts, vegetation survey, biotechnology, management, recreation and forest healing, and research review. Among the total 2,433 articles published, 611 (25.1%) were related to plants for special usage or purposes. The highest frequency (14.9%) in publications was found in the field of silviculture followed by physiology, propagation, identification, and genetics and breeding, respectively. On the bases of usage, edible plants showed higher frequency (26.5%) than others, followed by industrial purpose, bioenergy/phytoremediation usage, landscape plants, medicinal plants, and rare/endangered/endemic plants. Populus plant species was the most popular in research, showing 62 articles; and Castanea crenata 36; Pinus koraiensis 35; Robinia pseudoacacia 20; Ginko biloba 17, etc. Based on the survey and analysis, the following points are suggested: 1) improved evaluation of forest plants as non-wood resources, 2) expanding research topics on the basis of production, management, and utilization of non-wood forest resources, 3) management of database of forest plant information and encouragement needed to strengthen cooperative researches satisfying the needs of other industrial and scientific areas, and 4) encouraging to promote traditional knowledge based research on forest plants.