• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2012

Recently parks and green spaces contribute not only as a place of leisure but also for environmental welfare, social education, new jobs and $CO_2$ Emissions Reduction. Parks and green spaces are understood as urban infrastructures like roads and rivers. They are also included in social infrastructures like education, culture, and welfare facilities. These changes are applied to policies for parks and green spaces, many governments and local authorities make investments on them. The modification of policies for parks and green spaces in England is a good example about this trend From this view point, this study now deals with the changing process of policies, results, and evaluation. Some implications have been deducted. The first is the inducement in participation in policies and implementation of practices through policy papers. They are more practical than written laws which are composed of abstract sentences and generalizations. Secondly, the status of parks and green spaces is highly raised with the establishment of CABE Space and so on. This organization controls many different policies and programs related to parks and green spaces. Third is the funding for the improvement of parks and green spaces. Fourth, are the short-term measures, such as funding and management, and the long-term measures such as pursuing building of partnership and training. Fifth, the government strives to establish its partnership with the local authorities and communities through a spectrum of support in terms of information, monitoring, and developing good practices among networks. Finally, parks and green spaces are being addressed from multiple directions through the participation of numerous agents like voluntary groups, development companies, communities and so on. Recently, in Korea, the influences of the Sunset Law for Park Site, Landscape Architecture Law, Urban Forest Law, and other related ordinances have encouraged the review on the policies on parks and green spaces needed. However, there are not many studies about them. Owing to these reasons, the cases of England will he helpful.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological succession sere and conservative value, and to provide the basic data in Woonsooam Valley, in Jogyesan (Mt.) (altitude 884m), Suncheon City, Korea by analysing the structure of the plant community. Fifteen plots (size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up at an altitude of range from 255m to 495m. As a result of analysis of DCA which is one of the ordination technique, the plant communities were divided into five groups which are community I (Pinus densiflora community), community II (Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community), community III (Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community), and community IV (Carpinus tschonoskii-Q. serrata community) and community v(Deciduous broad-leaved forest community). We found out that the vegetation of the study site located in the South Temperate Climate Zone. The study site is found out that Q. serrata community 34.4%, part of slope in valley is the distribution that dominant species is Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community 32.1%. And in valley showed Carpinus tschonoskii community 5.5%. And Sasa borealis was dominant species in the shrub layer. We couldn't supposed that the ecological succession sere of the study site, however we should do a long-term monitoring to investigate the changes of the ecological succession each plant community, According to the index of Shannon's diversity (unit: $400m^2$), community III was ranged from 1.0102 to 1.1013, community V was 0.9945, community II was ranged from 0.7913 to 1.1503, community IV was ranged from 0.8081 to 1.0749 and community I was 0.9273.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information and investigate a vegetation structure around Tohamsan (Mt.) Wetland. Actual vegetation map was made on the basis of watershed around that. Vegetation structure survey was carried out for 8 representative communities of actual vegetation which were Pinus densifrora community, Quercus variabilis community, Cornus controversa community, Q. serrata community, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata community, Salix koreensis community, Q. mongolica community, Q. variabilis-Q. mongolica-Q. serrata community. Tohamsan (Mt.) Wetland is located on 490m above sea level and the area of watershed was $236,272m^2$. Vegetation type were divided into 16 types, and the ratio of Q. mongolica community was 33.1% ($78,209.2m^2$). In order to turn out the structure of 8 representative communties, 32 plots were set up and unit area of plot was $100m^2$. The estimated age of forest is 30~50-years-old, and in the resutls of soil analysis, acidity was pH 4.89 and organic matter was 4.46%.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.377-395
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• 1993

Habitat types, community structure and population characteristics of Koelreuteria paniculata were investigated in Mt. Wolak, Chungbuk and Naesokdong, Daegu, which are natural habitats of the species in inland region of Korea, and its origin was discussed. Habitats of Koelreuteria paniculata were classified to 3 types: sand bar formed by the sands flooded in the course of flow of the mountain stream (Type 1). crevice on the rock bed within the mountain stream (Type 2) and crevice of the rock around the edge of mountain stream (Type 3). Most Koelreuteria paniculata communities in Mt. Wolak site were composed of 3 layers of subtree layer, shrub layer and herb layer and that of Daegu site was 4 layers including tree layer. In the floristic composition of the Koelreuteria paniculata community, plants occurring frequently in the wet and open site, such as Zelkova serrata and Fraxinus rhynchoph-vlla showed high frequency. Frequency distribution of diameter at ground surface of Koelreutrria paniculata showed reversed J-shaped type. It was supposed that expansion of Koelreuteria paniculata community in Mt. Wolak site might be accomplished by the flow of the stream. Many saplings capable of becoming a successor of mature trees in Daegu site in near degenerating phase were established on the forest floor of the Koelreuteria paniculata community. From this result, it was supposed that these saplings originated from the seeds dispersed from a seed tree might form the Koelreuteria paniculata community of the next generation. On the other hand, the origin of Koelreutevia paniculata in inland sites was explained by two hypotheses: the one was that Koelreuteria paniculata might be transplanted by human and the other was that the present site might be native habitat of the community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2005

The vegetation of Bijin and Yongcho Islets was investigated from February 1, 2000 to March 30, 2002, and forest structure was constructed. Vascular plants of this area consisted of 12 forms, 59 varieties, 476 species, 352 genera, 112 families and 37 orders. Among them, 37 species (6.8% out of the total 547 taxa) of evergreen broad leaved trees, 36 species (6.6% out of the total 547 taxa and 19.7% out of the total naturalized plants in Korea) of naturalized plants, 6 species of endemic plants and 41 species of cultivated plants were observed. Rare and endangered plants include 1 taxa: Crypsinus hastatus ('98-4). The vegetation in this study area was classified into 9 communities (Pinus thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var thunbergii Camellia japonica, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus coreana, Platycarya strobilacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens) and 1 afforestation (Alnus firma).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2008

An eco-washland is increasingly getting attentions as a new alternative plan for management of water resources because of role as flooding control and ecological park without social and ecological side effects. However, there is a lack of study regarding technological development and ecological guidelines to create eco-washland. This study was carried out to suggest ecological guidelines necessary for engineering process to create eco-washland. A study site was the lower reach of Seokjang stream connecting to Yimjin river, a candidate of new eco-washland, and Kumsa area in Namhan river was selected as a reference site. The analysis of ecological characteristics focused on vegetation, fishes, and birds. Major vegetation communities, composed of dominant species such as Salix koreensis, Salix gracylistyla, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites communis, etc., formed physical conditions along with other land uses including open water, sandbar, cultivated land, etc. Dominant species of fishes were some species belonging to Cyprinidae and Acheilognathinae, and in case of birds Anser albifrons, Anas platyrhychos, Anas poecilorhyncha belonging to waterbirds and Paradoxornis webbinanus dependent to forest edge were dominantly distributed. The results showed that complex wetland types associated with partially deep water and upland was the optimal eco-hydrological condition of washland. Cyprinidae and Acheilognathinae in case of fish and Egretta spp. (spring season) and Anas spp. (winter season) in case of bird were selected as target species for the these wetland types. Finally, a detail planning criteria to create habitats of these target species were discussed in terms of spawning, breeding, feeding, resting, refuge, nesting, etc.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.482-500
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the phytosociological vegetation structure through a sampling survey of Mt. Jirisan National Park. And it was conducted to provide the latest data for establishing a conservation and management plan for forest ecosystems. As a result of TWINSPAN classification, it was classified into 4 communities. Group I is the Fraxinus mandshurica - Acer pseudosieboldianum Community, group II is the Quercus serrata - Quercus variabilis Community, group III is the Quercus mongolica Community, group IV is the Pinus densiflora Community. Group I is dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica in the canopy layer, and Cornus controversa and Quercus mongolica compete and maintain dominance. Group II is dominated by Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata in canopy layer, and Styrax obassia and Styrax japonicus compete in sub-tree layer. In group III, Quercus mongolica has a high dominance of 67% in canopy layer and 27% in the sub-tree layer, and Acer pseudosieboldianum competes with the Quercus mongolica in the sub-tree layer. In group IV, Pinus densiflora showed a high dominance of 74% in canopy layer. The sub-tree layer is dominated by Quercus mongolica, and is accompanied by competition between Carpinus tschonoskii and Fraxinus sieboldiana.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to provide a fundamental data which can be applied to management conservation, and restoration of coastal sand dune vegetation by determining the classification and distribution of community, and ecological characteristics of the habitat. This research was performed by the Braun-Blanquet's method. The coastal sand dune vegetation of Uido (I.) was composed with 9 communities as follows : Vitex rotundifolia community, Zoysia macrostachya community, Carex kobomugi community, Iachaemum anthephoroides community, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Carex pumila community, Calystegia soldanella community Messerschmidia sibirica community and Pinus thunbergii community, the evergreen needle-leaved forest. The constancy degree showed high in Calystegia soldanella (77%), Vitex rotundifolia (74%), Carex kobomugi (66%), Zoysia macrostachya (50%) and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (47%). However the highest constancy degree Calystegia soldanella has, it turned out to have low net contribution degree (NCD) in each community. In terms of the distribution and growth feature of the composition species in the coastal sand dune, Vitex rotundifolia, Carex kobomuri and Zoysia macrostachya were widely distributed from unstable sand dune to stable one but Iachaemum anthephoroides and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii were mainly found at the stable sand dune. Carex kobomugi was especially dominant at the unstable sand dune where the sand continued to be deposited. On the other hand, Carer pumila and Messerschmidia sibirica showed regional distributions around fresh water.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1991

The vertical distribution of the fungal population for the soil samples from two sites of producing and nonproducing of Tricholoma matsutake, song-yi mushroom, were examined at Yang­yang and Myung-joo, Gangweon province. By the dilution plate method, a total number of propagu­les of fungi per gram of soil was observed to be low at the song-yi producing sites but high at the song-yi nonproducing sites under the communities of Pinus densiflora. The tendency of the number of fungal propagules were decreased with the increasing vertical depth. In the incuhation method at $42^{\circ}C$, six genera and nineteen species of the fungi were isolated from two sites; Aspergillus fumigatus, Acremonium sp., Talaromyces stipitatus, Penicillium lilacinum, P. oxalicum and Westerdykella multispora. The most dominant species by this method was A. fumigatus. From heat treatment method at $70^{\circ}C$, seven genera and nineteen species were isolated; Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Neurospora sitophila and Mucor sp.. In the ethanol treatment method, one genera and one species was isolated Mortierella sp.. From the three isolation methods, it was found that the total number of the soil fungi and the frequency of species appeared were the highest at the soil of upper layer whereas the lowest at the soils of lower layer in its vertical distribution.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2019

The Gonggeomji Reservoir is a historical irrigation facility built in the 8th century and designated as a wetland protected area by Ministry of Environment, Korea. In order to collect the baseline data necessary for developing a sustainable conservation strategy, we investigated the classification of actual vegetation, the vegetation distribution and the floristic structure of the vegetation in the Gonggeomji Wetland Protection Area. In the whole protection area, a total of 26 plant communities were classified including the wetland, riparian, grassland, forest, farmland, and orchard vegetation. According to the results of detrended correspondence analysis, the structure of wetland vegetation was mainly affected by water depth and human disturbance. In reservoir wetlands, floating vegetation such as Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica, Trapa japonica, and emergent vegetation such as Nelumbo nucifera, Typha spp. completely covered the water surface. Since 2014, the reservoir wetland has been terrestrialized with the expansion of emergent and hygrophytic plants. For the sustainable conservation and restoration of wetland protected areas, it is necessary to naturalize the topography and wetland vegetation, recovery the hydrologic system, and restore ecosystem connectivity from wetlands to forests.