• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.195-206
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• 2022

Gaining an understanding of bird communities in different habitat types is essential for the conservation of ecologically important habitats. Wetlands possess different types of habitats and provide an important environment for wintering waterbird communities. This study compares avian communities in five different habitat types in the Moeyungyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary (MWWS), Myanmar. From December 2014 to the first week of February in 2015, bird and habitat data were collected from representative areas of five habitat types (i.e., short grassland, tall grassland, lotus fields, open water areas, and rice fields) at MWWS. We established nine sampling plots in each habitat type, and used the point quadrat method to survey habitats and the point count method to survey birds in the habitats. Simple one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests were used to determine differences between bird communities. We made 95 detections during 19 daily visits to each of the five habitat types. During the survey period, we recorded a total of 10,389 individuals belonging to 52 different bird species, based on 7-min observations at each of the 45 point count stations. Furthermore, we detected significant differences by habitat structure (i.e., vegetation coverage, height, and density; water depth; and plant species diversity) as well as bird communities (i.e., species richness, abundance, and diversity indices). In addition, the detailed analysis of 52 avian species revealed significant differences among 45 species with respect to the mean numbers of observed individuals in the survey habitats. The findings of this study revealed significant differences in the structure and composition of waterbird communities among the five assessed habitat types. Because natural marshes provide preferable habitats for a larger number and greater diversity of birds, relative to rice fields, natural marshes should be prioritized for conservation and restoration in Moeyungyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.449-459
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Geochilbong (1,177 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 89 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 93 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 32 communities deciduous broadleaved forest, 21 communities of valley forest, 12 communities of coniferous forests, 24 afforestation and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 56.54 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa community takes up 46.58 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 74.98 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Geochilbong in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.203-211
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Hwangjangsan (1,077.3 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 55 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 59 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 28 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 12 communities of mountain valley forest, 3 communities of coniferous forests, 2 communities of riparian forest, 10 afforestation and 4 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.928 percent of deciduous broad leaved forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica community takes up 41.459 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 86.100 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus serrata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla which are climax species in the area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 1998

The vegetation pattern of Mt. Odae based on the soil humidity gradient showed 3 types: (1) the forest of Pinus densiflora under the mesic or xeric conditions of the low altitudinal area, (2) the forest of Acer including A. mono, A. pseudo-sieboldianum and Tilia amurensis under the submesic or subxeric conditions and (3) the forest of Quercus including Q. mongolica of the higher elevational area and Q. variabilis of the lower elevational area under the xeric condition. Water content, organic matter and total nitrogen of soil were relatively low in Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis communities while they were relatively high in Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Quercus mongolica communities. According to the result of cluster analysis based on similarity indices of the communities, the proposed successional sere in the forest vegetation of Mt. Odae was as follows. P. densiflora community $\longrightarrow$ P. densiflore + Q. mongolica community $\longrightarrow$ Q. mongolica + A. pseudo-sieboldianum community. P. densiflora community $\longrightarrow$ P. densiflora + Q. variabilis community $\longrightarrow$ Q. variabilis community $\longrightarrow$ Q. mongolica + Q. variabilis community $\longrightarrow$ Q. mongolica + A. pseudo-sieboldianum community.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Youngbong (1,094 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 84 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 7 communities of other vegetation, the total of 91 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 39 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 26 communities of mountain valley forest, 6 communities of coniferous forests, 2 communities of riparian forests, 11 afforestation and 7 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis communities account for 40.879 percent of deciduous broad leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica - Cornus controversa community takes up 25.627 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 75.618 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Quercus serrata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2009

This study was designed to present a river model with an aim at restoring the ecosystem and improving the landscape along the urban rivers on the basin of the Namhan river, a core life channel for the National Capital region. The revelation of botanical status, transition trend and correlation of plants might lead to providing the urban river restoration projects and ecological river formation projects with basic data for a model of ideal aquatic ecology and landscape. The outcomes of this study could be summed up as follows: 1. Communities of Juglans mandshurica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica constitute the main portion of flora at or around uppermost branch streams of the River Namhanis harbored mainly in and around small brooks 2. Typical terrestrial forest communities formed around the River Namhan are composed mainly of Larix leptolepis, Pinus rigida, planned forestation of Pinus koraiensis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora. 3. The analysis into terrestrial environment of plant communities showed a high content of $P_2O_5$, typical communities found in the artificially disturbed land Finally, it seems also desirable to continue to make every exertion to explore the relationship between fluvial and terrestrial ecologies with a purport of building up a model of natural streams in urban area based on the surveyed factors for plant life, forest communities, soil and landscape and, moreover, on the forecasting for overall influences derived from the relation upon the ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1996

Five measurements of species diversity (richness index, diversity index, evenness index, dominance index and species sequences-importance curve) and their relationships with sltitude, tree age and community type were studied in $T\v{o}gyusan$ National Park, Korea. Altitude and tree age were the major variables explaining the differences of species diversity in the whole forest. Species richness index, diversity index and evenness index of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities were lower than those of Carpinus laxiflora, Q. serrata, Fraxinus mandshurica, Q. mongolica - P. densiflora communities than that in the other communities. The species sequence-importance curve of the forest communities in $T\v{o}gyusan$ coincided with the ideal curve calculated by the lognormal-distribution theory.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Geumsusan (1,016.0 m) and Doraksan (964.4 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 77 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 5 communities of other vegetation, the total of 82 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 37 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 16 communities of mountain valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 1 community of riparian forest, 15 afforestation and 5 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities account for 33.031 percent of deciduous broadleaved forest, Cornus controversa community takes up 29.142 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 64.477 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Cornus controversa are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1964

Cha, Jong Whan (Dept. of Biology, Graduate School, Dong Kuk Univ.) The changes of chemical properties of forest soils in dry and wet seasons. Kor. Jour. Bot. VII(2): 1-8, 1964. Soil selected for the present investigation was collected from a mountain of the Forestry Experiment Station of the vicinity of Seoul. The forest communities studied were three forest and a unplanted soils. The soil samples were obtained from each forest type during dry and wet seasons. And these samples were collected from four horizons of all communities respectively. It was showed that exchangeable hydrogen was increased by rainfall, and total exchangeable base decreased in the same way. The content of nitrogen is washed away by rainfall, especially ammonium nitrogen was highly significant between dry and wet season. On the contrary, organic matter and available phosphorus were of no significant difference between dry and wet seasons. The values of pH appeared a different response in dry and wet seasons according to the plant communities. The needle-leaved forest soils showed more acidity than the broad-leaved forest soils, and the least acidity in open places. All nutrients in soil studied gradually decreased down the profiles. According to statistical analyses of the soil components among all soil horizons, total exchangeable bases in wet season indicated only significant at 1%. Exchangeable hydrogen and organic matter of the soil in dry season was particularly very low with increased depth in the profile. The fertility level of most forested soils selected for the present investigation is low according to chemical tests for available nutrient elements.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.440-448
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Namdeogyusan (1,507 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 45 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 8 communities of other vegetation, the total of 53 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 22 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 11 communities of valley forest, 5 communities of coniferous forests, 7 afforestation and 8 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis communities account for 79.30 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 82.96 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 53.31 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.