• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.377-393
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• 2001

In order to study the closure stage of cranial sutures and its correlations with age, the ectocranial closure stage of coronal suture, sagittal suture, and lambdoidal suture of 67 skulls was measured. Among the skulls kept at the department of anatomy, college of medicine, Yonsei University, the ones with ages identified were used for this study. These measurements of suture closure were conducted by 4 examiners independently. The sutures were further divided by Frederic's method into 16 suture parts. The closure stages were classified by five stages of Broca-Ribbe. The following results were obtained: 1. The inter-observer reliability among 4 examiners showed high intraclass correlation coefficient of over 0.75(mean : 0.856) in all suture parts. Therefore, the determination of closure stage wasn't influenced by the subjective view of each examiner. 2. In all suture parts, the closure stage increased proportionally with age.(p<0.01) In terms of each suture part, the S2 part of sagittal suture showed the highest correlation(68.1%) while the L1-R part of lambdoidal suture showed the lowest correlation(51.3%). In addition, in terms of suture types, the correlation with age decreased in the order of sagittal suture(60.0%), coronal suture(57.7%), and lambdoidal suture (55.7%). In general, the average value of suture closure stages had 57.8% correlation with age(p<0.01). 3. The most frequent suture closure stage according to age group was '0' for ages below 30, '0' and '1' for ages within the 30's, '1' and '2' for ages within the 40's, and '2' for ages within the 50's. With older age groups, the frequency of '3' and '4' increased, and the suture closure stage increased proportionally with age. 4. The mean age by closure stage of each suture were within the 40's for the closure stage of '1', within the 50's for the closure stage of '2', and from 50's through 60's for the closure stage of '3'. The standard deviation was over 10 for all closure stages. In addition, at the same suture closure stage, the mean age according to the coronal suture was higher than the ages according to the sagittal suture or lambdoidal suture. Especially, C1-R, C1-L, C2-R, and C2-L parts showed the highest age when at the same suture closure stage. 5. The values appropriate for age estimations using suture closure stages of 16 suture parts were calculated, and a calculator for age estimation ($R^2=0.6944$, p<0.01) by ectocranial suture closure stage for Koreans is presented. From the above results, the method of using the closure stage of sutures of the skull to estimate age can be useful in individual identification of forensic science. Further extensive and accurate research using larger samples would be worthy of study.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of intravenous isoniazid (H) and ethambutol (E) administered in patients with new sputum positive drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with tuberculous meningoencephalitis (TM) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection in the intensive phase of treatment. Methods: Fifty-four patients with TB/TM and HIV co-infection were enrolled for this study. Group 1 comprised of 23 patients treated with E and H intravenously, while rifampicin and pyrazinamide were prescribed orally. Group 2 consisted of 31 patients treated with the first-line anti-TB drugs orally. The concentrations of H and E in blood serum were detected using a chromatographic method. Results: A significant improvement in the clinical symptoms and X-ray signs in patients treated intravenously with H and E was observed and compared to group 2. The sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis positivity was observed during the second month of the treatment in 25.0% of patients from group 1 and 76.1% of the patients from the control group (p=0.003). In addition, nine patients (39.1%) died up to 6 months when H and E were prescribed intravenously compared with 22 (70.9%) in group 2 (p=0.023). Conclusion: In TB/TM with HIV, the intravenous H and E treatment was more effective than oral H and E treatment at 2 months of intensive treatment in sputum conversion as well as in clinical improvement, accompanied by significantly higher mean serum concentrations. In addition, the mortality rate was lower in intravenous H and E treatment compared to oral treatment.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1988

The author studied the vertical height of tooth crown and the amounts of alveolar bone resorption with age. All 84 subjects(44 male, 40female) who visited Dental hospital of Wonkwang University with no history of sever periodontal disease and no experience of periodontal surgery. 84 subject were divided into 3 groups by age, that is, group I(28-32yrs), group II(38-42yrs), and group III(48-52yrs). Informal radiogram with bite wing film(horizontal angulation : $0^{\circ}$, vertical angulation : $+5^{\circ}~+10^{\circ}$) were taken on premolar and molar area. The distances from cusp tip to cementoenamel junction (vertical height of tooth crown) and from cementoenamel junction alveolar crest(amount of alveolar bone resorption) were measured, and then recorded data from 946 teeth were statistically analysed. This study was undertaken to obtain the data for age estimation by the changes of tooth crown height and alveolar bone resorption in the point of forensic odontology. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The average crown height of mandibular right 1st. molar was 7.1mm in group I, 6.7mm in group II, and 6.6mm group III, and the average amount of alveolar bone resorption on mandibular right 1st. molar were 1.8mm in group I, 2.5mm in group II, and 3.0mm in group III. Ratio of tooth crown height to amount of alveolar bone resorption was 4.0:1 in groupI, 2.7:1 in group II, and 2.2:1 in group III, the ratio was decreased with age. 2. In comparison with upper teeth and lower teeth in ipsilateral side, the average value of tooth crown height and amount of alveolar bone resorption were slightly higher in upper arch than those in lower arch, but there was not a statistically significant difference. 3. The ratio of height of tooth crown to amount of alveolar bone resorption was decreased with age, and which depended mainly upon the change of amount of alveolar bone resorption rather than the change of tooth crown height.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.121-136
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• 1991

This study was undertaken to obtain the data for age determination following the calcification degree of the second molar, third molar in the point of forensic odontology. The intraoral panoramic radiograph of 1600 male and 1600 female (100 persons each age) ranging from 7 to 2 years of age were studied. The developmental state of the second molar and third molar were divided into 12 stages following the calcification degree and correlations of second molar developmental stage and statistically analyzed. The results were as follows : 1. There was remarkable correlation between the development of the second molar, the third molar and age. 2. There was no significant developmental differences between the right and left second molar, third molar.(p>0.05) 3. The developmental stages of the lower second molar was more advanced than those of upper second molar. (p<0.05) 4. The developmental stages of upper third molar was more advanced than those of lower third molar. (p<0.05) 5. Both the developmental stages of second, third molars were earlier in the female than in the male. (p<0.001) 6. For the purpose of age estimation according to developmental stages of the second, third molar, linear equations are as follows. (p<0.001) second molar : male upper : Y=1.3927X + 0.2213 (r=0.72) lower : Y=1.4132X + 0.0012 (r=0.78) female upper : Y=1.4914X + 0.2151 (r=0.73) lower : Y=1.5429X - 0.0911 (r=0.78)

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to obtain the data age determination following the eruption of individual cusps of the first molars in the point of forensic odontology. 532 children (294 male and 238 female, born between April, 1989 and March, 1986) from a kindergarten and a primary school in a reesidential district in Seoul were studied. The eruption state of the first molar was divides into 6 stages according to the degree of exposure of individual cusps, and correlation between the stage and age was stastically analysed. The results of the study lead to following conclusions : 1. The most frequently seen eruption sequence of cusps for the upper first molar was mesibuccal cusp, mesiopalatal cusp, distobuccal cusp, mesiodistal cusp, distopalatal cusp. As for the lower first molar : mesiobuccal cusp, mcsiolingual cusp, distobuccal cusp, distolingual cusp. 2. The time of eruption was earlier in the female ethan in the male, but it was stastically remarkable only in upper and lower parts of the right and the left teeth of subjects age between 6.0 and 6.5 and upper part of the right and the left teeth of subjects age over 7.5 3. The eruption of the lower first molar was comparatively earlier than that of the upper first molar and there was no significant stastical difference between the right and the left first molars in the time of eruption. 4. There was no noticeable difference in the eruption sequence of cusps, irrespective of sex and side. 5. The eruption of the upper first molar is started at the age of about 6.4 and complete the age of about 7.1 and as for the lower first molar, it is from 6.3 to 7.0

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 1998

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the status of psychiatric consultation at a newly opened university hospital, to explore problems related to psychiatric consultation and to contribute for future consultation to be more systematic and more efficient. Methods: The subjects of this study were 284 patients hospitalized at Inha University Hospital between September 1, 1996 and August 31, 1997, who were referred for psychiatric consultation during hospitalization. This study was evaluated demographical characteristics of referred patients, resons for referral, recommendations by psychiatric consultant, clinical diagnoses, psychiatric diagnoses, relationship between referral time and hospitalization following the day of consultation and consultation referral types based upon psychiatrists' reports and patients' medical charts. Results : Most common patients referred to consultation were females aged 20s who visited at the department of internal medicine and related to the risk of suicidal attempts. Mood disorder was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis, and the most common recommendations were to use psychopharmacological treatment along with outpatient visits. The 30% of subjects were referred to consultation within a day after hospitalization. In the case of consultation referral timing within two days and after three days, there was significant difference between early consultation and shorter hospitalization following the day of consultation. Most frequent type of consultation(29.6%) was categorized as IIIa type(physical complication type as a "Mending" request type). Conclusion : In review of consultation referral timing and consultation referral type of the subjects, who were referred for psychiatric consultation for one year at a newly opened University Hospital, referrals were found to be made within two days after their admission to hospital(50.7%), which was observed to be early request. We found that there was significant association between early consultation and shorter hospitalization following the day of consultation. The physical complication type(29.6%) which belongs to "Mending" request type was found to be the most frequent consultation referral type. This result indicates that more systematic psychiatric consultation is needed for the future.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2019

Tartrazine (TAZ) is one of the most commonly used artificial dyes for foods and drugs. We determined the effect of TAZ on fetal development by examining morphological, visceral, and skeletal malformations in rat fetuses following daily oral administration of TAZ to pregnant Wistar rats at the 6th-15th day of gestation. TAZ at 0.45 and 4.5 mg/kg induced 6.0 and 7.1% fetal resorptions, as well as 10.0 and 10.5% fetal mortality, respectively. Fetal body weight and length were significantly lower in the groups treated with TAZ at 0.45 ($3.97{\pm}0.21g$ and $27.3{\pm}0.54mm$, respectively) and 4.5 mg/kg ($3.48{\pm}0.15g$ and $23.22{\pm}1.02mm$, respectively) than in the control group ($4.0{\pm}0.15g$ and $30.01{\pm}0.42mm$, respectively). TAZ at 0.45 and 4.5 mg/kg induced hepatic damage (20 and 33.3%, respectively), dark brown pigmentation due to hemosiderin in the splenic parenchyma (16.7 and 21.7%, respectively), as well as destructed and necrotic renal tubules (16.7 and 26.7%, respectively) in the fetuses. Moreover, TAZ at 0.45 and 4.5 mg/kg caused one or more missing coccygeal vertebrae (20 and 40%, respectively), missing sternebrae (6 and 10%, respectively), missing hind limbs (24 and 4%, respectively), and irregular ribs (16 and 20, respectively) in the fetuses. We concluded that TAZ has embryotoxic and teratogenic potentials in rats.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

Purpose: The prevalence of supernumerary teeth has been reported to be between 0.1% and 3.8%. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical significance, and associated pathologies of fourth molars based on a retrospective study and a literature review. Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective prevalence study was conducted at the Department of Oral Diagnosis and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology of Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan. The study involved extracting data from the digital records of patients from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2017. The sampling frame included all patients who had panoramic radiographs, cone-beam computed tomography (CT), and multislice CT images during the period under review. Results: A total of 26,721 cases were reviewed and 87 fourth molars were identified. The prevalence of fourth molars in the 5-year study at Okayama was calculated as 0.32%. The mean age of patients with a fourth molar was 30.43 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1:0.98. The vast majority of cases were in the maxilla (92%) and had normal shapes(89.7%); furthermore, 82.8% of cases were unerupted. Conclusion: The prevalence of fourth molars in the study population was found to be 0.32%, and fourth molars occurred with approximately equal frequency in males and females. Fourth molars were more common in the maxilla and were predominantly unerupted and small.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2001

Silicone fluid is a biomaterial widely used in modern cosmetic procedures because there are few side effects, considerable chemical stability and predictable physical properties. However, many local and systemic adverse reactions have reported. In particular some serious pulmonary complications have been reported such as pulmonary thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome with some cases leading to mortality. Most of the serious complicated cases were induced by an illegal silicone fluid injection. We experienced two cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome with pulmonary hemorrhage induced by an illegal silicone fluid injection. The patients were 41 & 51 year old women, who complained of dyspnea. The chest X-ray and HRCT scan findings showed a bilateral ground glass attenuation on the bilateral dependent portion of the upper and middle lung zone. The patients clinical symptoms and the radiologic and other laboratory findings were compatible with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by the silicon fluid injection. Here we report two cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome with pulmonary hemorrhage induced by an illegal silicone injection with a review of the relevant literature.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.10
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• pp.161-175
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• 2008

The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', Buddhistic medicine, and the present of traditional medicine can be summed up as thus. 1. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is a transliteration of the Sanskrit Ayur - veda and is a compound of the words 'Ayus(life)' and 'Veda(knowledge)' and means "The study of life", which means the preservation of health and the understanding and curing of diseases. 2. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', which originated from ancient experience, was recorded in Sanskrit, which was a theorization of knowledge, and also was written in verses to make memorizing easy, and made medicine the exclusive possession of the Brahmin. The first annotations were 1060 for the "Charaka", 1200 for the "Sushruta", 1150 for the "Ashtanga Sangraha samhita", and 1100 for the "Nidana". The use of various mineral medicines in the "Charaka" or the use of mercury as internal medicine in the "Ashtanga Sangraha samhita", and the palpation of the pulse for diagnosing in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and XiZhang' medicine are similar to TCM's pulse diagnostics. The coexistence with Arabian 'Unani' medicine, compromise with western medicine and the reactionism trend restored the '$\bar{A}yurveda$ today. 3. When we look at the present of the education and research of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', after gaining independence from England, India set up a modern education system of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and set it on an equal position with western medicine. According to the 1976 study the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is taught in a 5 and a half year university curriculum, and the main textbooks are the Charaka - samhita("開羅迦集" - internal medicine), Sushruta-samhita("妙聞集", surgery), Madhavanidana(diagnostics), 3 volumes of Bhavaprakasa(pharmacology internal medicine, mineral medicine}, Rajanighantu (pharmacology), $Vrks\bar{A}yurveda$(plant therapy), Mahabharata(military medicine), Arthasastra(forensic medicine, toxicology) Kamasastra(science of intercourse), etc. in 10 subjects and there are 232227 certified doctors that have graduated from the 95 colleges and passed the exams.