• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.91-120
• /
• 2020

The Scope of Application of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act and Foreign Investment Act This article examines whether the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act and the Foreign Investment Act of North Korea apply to South Korean parties or companies. This article analyzes laws and agreements related to economic cooperation between South Korea and North Korea. Furthermore, this article compares and evaluates laws related to foreign investment and enacted in North Korea. Now, North Korea's door is closed due to economic sanctions against it, but it will be opened soon. Thus, this article prepares for the future opening of North Korea's markets. Is there a rule of laws in North Korea or just a ruler? Are there laws in North Korea? North Korea has enacted a number of legislation to attract foreign investors, referring to those Chinese laws. For example, North Korea enacted the Foreigner Investment Act, the Foreigner Company Act, the Foreign Investment Bank Act, the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, the Foreign Economic Contract Act, the International Trade Act, and the Free Economy and Trade Zone Act, among others. Article 2 (2) of the Foreign Investment Law of North Korea states, "Foreign investors are corporations and individuals from other countries investing in our country." It is interpreted that South Korea is not included in the "other countries" of this definition. According to many mutual agreements signed by South Korea and North Korea, the relationship between the two Koreas is a special relation inside the Korean ethnic group. An arbitration between a South Korean party and a North Korean party has the characteristics of both domestic arbitrations and international arbitrations. If the South Korea and North Korea Commercial Arbitration Commission or the Kaesong Industrial Complex Arbitration Commission is not established, the possibility of arbitration by the Chosun International Trade Arbitration Commission, established under North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, should be examined. There have been no cases where the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act is applied to disputes between parties of South Korea and North Korea. It might be possible to apply the Foreign Economic Arbitration Act by recognizing the "foreign factor" of a dispute between the South Korean party and North Korean party. It is necessary to raise legislative clarifications by revising the North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act as to whether Korean parties or companies are included in the scope of this Act's application. Even if it is interpreted that South Korean parties or companies are not included in the scope of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, disputes between South Korean companies and North Korean companies can be resolved by foreign arbitration institutes such as CIETAC in China, HKIAC in Hong Kong, or SIAC in Singapore. Such arbitration awards could be enforced in North Korea pursuant to Article 64 of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act. This is because the arbitration awards of foreign arbitration institutes are included in the scope of North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act. The matter is how to enforce the North Korean laws when a North Korean party or North Korean government does not abide by the laws or their contracts. It is essential for North Korea to join the New York Convention (Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards) and the ICSID Convention (Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States).

• 한국IT서비스학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.195-205
• /
• 2013

Global media companies like Sony, Fox, Vivendi, and Disney expand their activities aggressively to foreign markets. This paper seeks to find out their precise strategies to succeed in the global market. Our study focus on two companies Fox and Sony who manage successively in Korean market. Particularly, these two media companies launched in Korean market several channels, joint venture companies with Korean partners and have expanded.Korean channel in East asian countries.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.265-290
• /
• 1999

All kinds of commerces are begun from the contract and the claims are frequently raised by the problem in the contracts. Therefore, the negotiation is very important to make a contract and resolve the claim. This article compared and analyzed the negotiation practice of Korean, American and Islam to strengthen the negotiation power of the Korean domestic companies and suggested the some guidelines when the Korean companies negotiate with the foreign companies. For the negotiator to make a effective negotiation with the foreigners and a make the negotiation performance, The negotiator has to prepare for the negotiation practice and strategy of the foreign countries. Secondly, the negotiator has to be accustomed to the foreign country and make the win-win strategy by giving the benefit to the foreign company as well as him. Especially, in the negotiation with American, it is very necessary that the negotiator persuade him logically by preparing the objective data and include the lawyer into the negotiation team. In the negotiation with Islam, making the personal relationship and, if possible, frequent contact with the person who has the responsibility in the contract is very important.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국산학기술학회 2011년도 춘계학술논문집 2부
• /
• pp.792-795
• /
• 2011

After the year of 2000, compositions of stock holders in domestic firms are rapidly changing. In domestic stock market, the proportion of market value held by foreign investors reaches over 40%. There are several blue chip companies among those where foreign investors hold more than 50% of the stocks. There are still hot debates going on about whether the increase in the number of foreign investors contributes to domestic companies. This research attempted to determine foreign ownership increases enhance firm value empirically. It has been shown that foreign ownership variable has significant positive impact on Tobin's Q of firm value variable. The result suggests that foreign ownership increases in domestic corporations positively contribute to firm value, as they monitor and keep the management transparent as an institutional investor, and they work to soothe agency problems by the managements or the large stock holders.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2016

This study is a smart tourism research based on face recognition applied system that manages individual information of foreign tourists to smartphone. It is a way to authenticate by using face recognition, which is biometric information, as a technology applied to identification inquiry, immigration control, etc. and it is designed so that tourism companies can provide customized service to customers by applying algorism to smartphone. The smart tourism system based on face recognition is a system that prepares the reception service by sending the information to smartphone of tourist service company guide in real time after taking faces of foreign tourists who enter Korea for the first time with glasses attached to the camera. The smart tourism based on face recognition is personal information recognition technology, speech recognition technology, sensing technology, artificial intelligence personal information recognition technology, etc. Especially, artificial intelligence personal information recognition technology is a system that enables the tourism service company to implement the self-promotion function to commemorate the visit of foreign tourists and that enables tourists to participate in events and experience them directly. Since the application of smart tourism based on face recognition can utilize unique facial data and image features, it can be beneficially utilized for service companies that require accurate user authentication and service companies that prioritize security. However, in terms of sharing information by government organizations and private companies, preemptive measures such as the introduction of security systems should be taken.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.135-172
• /
• 2004

While doing business in China foreign companies occasionally find themselves embroiled in disputes with Chinese individuals, companies or the Chinese Government. There are three primary ways to resolve a commercial dispute in China are negotiation, arbitration and litigation. The best way of dispute resolution is negotiation as it is the least expensive method and the working relationship of both parties concerned in dispute. But negotiations do not always give rise to resolution. Arbitration is the next choice. Unless the parties concerned can agree to resort to arbitration after the dispute has arisen, the underlying contract namely, sales contract or separate agreement must show that disputes will be resolved by arbitration. Agreements to arbitration specify arbitration body and governing law. There are two Chinese government -sponsored arbitration bodies for handling cases involving at least one foreign party: China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(CIETAC) and China Maritime Arbitration Commission(CMAC) for maritime disputes. Contracts regarding foreign companies doing business in China often designate CIETAC arbitration. CIETAC distinguishes between two kinds of dispute resolutions, foreign-related arbitration and domestic arbitration. For a dispute to be classified as foreign-related arbitration, one of the companies must be a foreign entity without a major production facility or investment in China. CIETAC has published rules which govern the selection of a panel if the contract does not specify how the choice of arbitration will be handled. CIETAC's list of arbitrators for foreign-related disputes, from which CIETAC's arbitrators must en chosen, includes may non-Chines arbitrators. But many foreign experts believe that some aspects of CIETAC needs to be improved. The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of arbitration in China, CIETAC by way of studying the current situation and improvement of international commercial arbitration in China.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.692-700
• /
• 2022

외국인 투자기업의 사멸 연구를 위해 2013년부터 2017년까지 국내 시장 외국인 투자기업을 연구의 대상으로 선정했다. NICE 평가정보(주) 외국인 투자법인 자료를 표본으로 수집하고, 정제를 거쳐 분석에 사용했다. 종속변수인 외국인 투자기업 사멸에 대한 실증비교 검증은 기업 특성 지표인 외국인 투자 지분율과 근로자 수, 재무 유동성 지표는 자본, 자산, 부채, 매출, 수익성 지표로는 영업이익과 매출이익을 분석에 재무비율 지표로 ROA와 ROE를 사용했다. 이후 외국인 투자기업의 소유 지분을 100% 소유한 단독 투자기업과 합작회사, 기업분류에 따른 대기업과 중소기업의 사멸률을 실증했다. 외국인 투자기업 사멸률 영향요인 분석에서는 기업의 종업원 수, 부채, 영업이익과 매출이익 모두 기업의 경영위험도를 낮춰 지속 가능한 경영을 유지하는 효과가 있은 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 지분 투자율, 자본, 자산, 매출 지표는 유의하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 외국인 투자기업 사멸률 실증 비교분석 결과에서도 100% 지분을 소유한 단독 투자기업과 대기업이 합작기업과 중소기업보다 상대적으로 사멸의 위험이 낮고, 지속 가능한 경영 가능성이 큰 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제23권7호
• /
• pp.83-95
• /
• 2019

Purpose - This study analyzed the effect of the Trump Government's protectionist trade policies on foreign ownership. Specifically, this study empirically analyzes the hypothesis that foreign ownership will decrease after the Trump Government rather than before the Trump Government. Design/methodology - The hypothesis of this study is based on the expectation that US protection trade policy will negatively affect the profitability of Korean companies. The dependent variable in this study is the foreign ownership ratio, and the independent variable is a dummy variable representing before and after the Trump Government. Multiple regression analysis was performed, including the control variables suggested in previous studies related to foreign ownership. Findings - As a result, foreign ownership increased after the Trump Government rather than before the Trump Government. This study further analyzes whether the main variables affecting foreign investor's decision-making are differences before and after Trump Government. The export ratio, profitability and dividends did not differ before and after Trump Government. However, the level of information asymmetry decreased after the Trump Government than before the Trump Government. This suggests that US protection trade policies do not adversely affect the profitability of Korean companies. However, Korean firms are improving their information environment because US protectionist trade policies can lower profitability and negatively impact capital raising. In this regard, the foreign ownership ratio seems to differ before and after the Trump Government. Originality/value - This study contributes in that it presents data that US protectionist policies can affect Korean corporate governance. This study has implications from the short-term analysis of US protection trade policy.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.263-272
• /
• 2012

Lately, as domestic smart phone users exceeds 10 millions, Korea entered into real smart era in which smart contents market grows very quickly. One of feature for smart contents market is that there is few entry barrier for market penetration. So, it is essential for domestic digital contents providers to transform existing digital contents into smart contents to protect the entry of foreign firms into domestic market and to take advantage of opportunities to advance to foreign contents markets. The objective of this study is analyzing strategies of abroad companies which has penetrated into smart contents market successfully and classifying them systematically and the way to execute the proposed strategies. Future works of companies and governments to expand smart contents markets can be summarized as follows. First, they must prepare reliable data to elicitate proper market penetration strategies. Second, it is highly desirable to fuse contents industry and culture industry together. Third, it is urgent to formulate policies to promote SOHO contents companies.