• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2010

This study aims to understand the contribution rate of plant parts on biomass in five winter forage crops including barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale. In barley and oat, the major plant parts on dry matter yields were changed from culm to spike at 20 days after heading(DAH), but culm was very important part on biomass of rye, wheat and triticales until 30DAH. Wheat, rye and triticales showed same pattern in dry weight increase indicating that culm was main component of biomass from heading stage but spike became heavier after 30 DAR. Barley and oat were similar in dry weight increase where spike was the main components of biomass at 20 DAR. After heading stage the major biomass of most winter forage crops were dependent on the weight of culm and spike, while the contribution of leaves to plant biomass was lower as compared to culm and spike. Thus culm and spike were very important factors for improving the dry matter production of winter forage crops breeding and early maturing is also additively required under Korean climatic condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 1998

The present study investigated the use of cow faeces as a source of micro-organisms instead of sheep rumen liquor in in vitro digestibility assays of forages. Initially 40 forage samples comprising ryegrass, wheat, maize and barley were screened to select a wide range of digestibility (327-794 g/kg) of forages. Finally 8 forage samples were assessed using rumen liquor as well as faecal liquor. The absolute organic matter digestibility (OMD) values using faecal liquor were lower than those with rumen liquor. However, the relationship between OMD using rumen liquor and faecal liquor was highly significant (p < 0.001). The $R^2$ value exceed 0.90. The results suggest that micro-organisms from faecal liquor are capable of digesting forage samples.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to know a substantial body of information about the differences of the important forage characteristics; green fodder yield, dry matter yield, TDN%, TDN yield and so forth of the seven cultivars selected as the forage crops (Rye, Triticale, Wheat and Barley) depending on the specific times of cutting stage, on the Wheat and Barley Research Institute from October, 1983 to June, 1984, and the results summarized as follows. Green fodder yield & dry matter weight, when clipped at 20, 30 April and 10 May, of varieties Homil #2 showed the most yielding capacity, but when clipped at 20 May, Suweon#8 (triticale) showed the most green fodder yield whereas Homil #1 the most significant dry matter weight. Plant height, in the cases of Paldanghomil, Homil #1 & Homil #2, showed distinctly longer than that of Bunong, Suweon #8 & Suweon #9 and continued to grow even after the heading date. Dry matter ratio increased with time (Dry matter yield/green fodder yield x100). TDN % decreased but TDN yield increased with time but Homil #1, Homil #2 and Paldanghomil showed relatively the higher values. In the elements of nutrient of cell wall, Suweon #8 & Bungong among 7 cultivars have good quality. The reasonable clipping date of wheat &barley as green fodder crops are 10 May to 20 May, but if clipped before 10 May and 20 May, Homil #2 and Suweon #8 became the promising forage crops, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1429-1436
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• 2006

Fermentation characteristics, nutrient retention and aerobic stability of barley silages prepared using 6 commercial inoculants were evaluated using 126 mini-silos (3-L) in a completely randomized design. Whole barley forage was chopped, wilted to 39% DM and treated with water (control, S) or one of six inoculants: A (containing Lactobacillus plantarum); B (L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium); C (L. plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae); D (L. plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, plus hydrolytic enzymes); E (Lactobacillus buchneri plus hydrolytic enzymes); F (L. buchneri and P. pentosaceus plus hydrolytic enzymes). Samples of treated forage were collected for analysis at the time of ensiling, and then 18 silos of each treatment were filled, capped and weighed. Triplicate silos were weighed and opened after 1, 3, 5, 7, 33, and 61 d. On d 61, $400{\pm}5g$ of material from each silo was placed in 1-L styrofoam containers, covered with cheesecloth and held at room temperature. Silage temperature was recorded hourly for 14 d via implanted thermocouple probes. Chemical composition of the forage at ensiling was consistent with previously reported values. At d 61, pH was lowest (p<0.01) in silage S. Ammonia-N was lower (p<0.05) in silage A than in silages S, B, E, or F. Compared to pre-ensiling values, water soluble carbohydrate concentrations were elevated in silages S, A, B, C and D, and decreased in E and F. Lactic acid concentrations were similar (p>0.10) across treatments. Acetic acid levels were highest (p<0.01) in silage E and lowest (p<0.01) in silage D. Recovery of DM was lower (p<0.01) in silage F than in silages S, A, B, C, or D. On d 61, yeasts were most numerous (p<0.01) in silage D, which was the only silage in which temperature rose more than $2^{\circ}C$ above ambient during aerobic exposure. Silage D also had the highest (p<0.01) pH and ADIN content after aerobic exposure. Lactic acid and WSC content of silage D decreased dramatically during the 14-d aerobic exposure period. Yeast counts (at d 14 of exposure) were lowest (p<0.01) in silages E and F. In general, the commercial inoculants did not appear to enhance the fermentation of barley silage to any appreciable extent in laboratory silos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the effects of different cutting height on nutritive value, fermentation quality, in vitro and in vivo digestibility of whole crop barley silage. Whole crop barley forage (Yuyeon hybrid) was harvested at height of 5, 10, and 15 cm from the ground level. Each cutting height was rolled to make round bale and ensiled for 100 days. After 100 days of ensiling, pH of silage was lower (p<0.05) in 5 cm, but no difference between 10 and 15 cm of cutting height. The content of lactate and lactate to acetate ratio were increased (p<0.05) in 5 cm of cutting height, whereas the acetate content was higher (p<0.05) in 10 and 15 cm than that of 5 cm cutting height. Aerobic stability was greater (p<0.05) in silages of 10 and 15 cm of cutting height. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were formulated with silages from the three different cutting heights (TMR5, TMR10, and TMR15) incorporated as forage at 70:30 ratio with concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis). In vitro dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR5 and TMR10 than that in TMR15, whereas in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in the TMR10 and TMR15 than that in TMR5. Concentration of $NH_3-N$ was highest (p<0.05) in the TMR10 followed by TMR15 and TMR5. Total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.05) with increased cutting height. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber were highest (p<0.05) in TMR15, than those in TMR5 and TMR10, whereas acid detergent fiber digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in TMR5 than that in TMR10. The results showed that increasing cutting height, at least up to 10 to 15 cm, of whole crop barley forage at harvest (Yuyeon) may be beneficial for making silage for TMR formulation and increasing digestibility of DM and NDF.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2011

Soil fertility different depend on application rate of manure and compost for many years. While each crop has different adaptability depend on soil fertility, crop and species or varieties should be chosen depending on the adaptability and productivity. These experiments were carried out to compare the five winter cereal crops for whole crop silage on growth, yield and feed value as affected by soil organic content. The rate of increase on no. of spikes at high fertile soil compared with medium fertile soil was sequently high Samhan (Oat's variety) > Cheongwoo (Wheat) > Gogu (Rye) > Youngyang (Barley) > Shinyoung (Triticale). The rate of decrease at low fertile soil compared with medium fertile soil was sequently high Youngyang > Gogu > Cheongwoo > Shinyoung > Samhan. The triticale was lower variation of no. of spikes as affected by soil organic content than that of other winter cereals. The variations of dry matter yield as affected by soil fertility was higher oat and barley and lower triticale. Forage yield of triticale was higher about 69 percent than that of barley at low fertile soil. Forage yield was the highest in triticale and the lowest in rye in all soil fertility. In high fertile soil, rate of increasing digestible dry matter (DDM) yield compared with medium fertile was high in Samhan and Youngyang. Rate of reduced DDM yield in low fertile soil compared with medium fertile was low in Shinyoung and Cheongwoo.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.563-569
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• 2013

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of liquid-pig-manure application method (Tr.1: surface appl. LPM 150%, Tr.2: surface appl. LPM 50% + LPM 50%, Tr.3: chemical fertilizer, Tr.4: soil injection LPM 150%, Tr.5: soil injection LPM 50% + surface appl. 50%, Tr.6: no fertilizer) and the economic efficiency of yield on forage crops cultivaion. In barley cultivation experiment, Tr.5 was found to be best, showing the yield of 1,462 kg $10a^{-1}$, and followed by Tr.2(1,226 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.3(1,226 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.4(1,225 kg $10a^{-1}$) and Tr.1(1,209 kg $10a^{-1}$) in order. In maize cultivation experiment, Tr.4 was found to be best, showing the yield of 2,142 kg/10a, and followed by Tr.1(2,125 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.3(2,024 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.5(2,011 kg $10a^{-1}$) and Tr.2(1,925 kg 1$10a^{-1}$) in order. The income was showing 1,274,000 ~ 1,591,000 Won $10a^{-1}$ in barley, whereas 766,000-794,000 Won 1$10a^{-1}$ in maize. There was more economical efficiency in barley cultivation than maize cultivation. Rather than the LPM surface application, LPM soil injection was more effective.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop an eco-friendly control method for water foxtail in the field sowing barley seeds before rice harvesting. When sea water was applied pre-emergent, 1 and 2 leaves, little injury was observed on barley. Percent of water foxtail control with sea water (100%) was more than 50% at 1 leaf application timing. When sodium chloride was applied 400, 800 and $1,600kg\;ha^{-1}$, little injury was observed on barley. Percent of water foxtail control with sodium chloride was 36-44% at 30 days after sowing. When ferrous sulfate was applied at 400, 800 and $1,600kg\;ha^{-1}$, emergent injury was observed 35-50% on barley. Percent of water foxtail control with ferrous sulfate was 48-79% at 30 days after sowing. When barley was sowed at 200, 300 and $400kg\;ha^{-1}$, seeding rate standing plants have many of the more crops, water foxtail occurrence was low. And, Forage yield of 300 kg ha-1 seeding in the highest. Based on the results, it is possible to control water foxtail in the field sowing barley seeds before rice harvesting more than 50%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding high and low forage diets with different forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics and blood parameters of Holstein cows during the dry period. Eight Holstein cows were completely randomized assigned to two groups and repeated measurement was utilized in the analysis. Cows in two treatments were fed with diets with high (F:C = 70:30, 70F; forage source: mixed-sowing whole crop barley and Italian ryegrass silage, BIRG) and low (F:C = 55:45, 55F; forage source: tall fescue hay, TF) forage level. Rumen fluid pH was higher in 70F group. Levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid showed a similar pattern: from the lowest value at 07:30 h to the highest at 10:30 h and then decreased in both groups. The ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 55F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Rumen fluid $NH_3-N$ concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group at 09:30 and 10:30 h. Blood urea nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 70F group. It was concluded that BIRG based diet with a high forage level had no adverse effects on rumen fermentation, some blood chemical parameters, and immune system in dry Holstein cows and could be used as a forage source instead of imported TF.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1995

A simple conservation technique baled silage making of selected froage materials was discussed in Suwon and in Muan county during 1991 - 1992. Eleven species of forage crops and pasture grasses(maize. sorghum, pearl millet, barnyardgrass, rye, barley, spring oat, Italian ryegrass, orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures) were harvested at different growth stage from young plant to maturity and baled in a self constructed square baling chamber, and wrapped in a 0.05mm thick polyethylene plastic film. Each bales measured by 90cm long, 60cm wide and 50cm height and weighted between 15~20kg in dry matter basis. physio-molphologcal characteristics of the plants, leaf weight ratio(LWR), leaf area ratio(LAR), stalk ratio (SR), stalk hardness(SH) and other growth parameters, were analysed and were used as a parameter to evaluate the suitability of materials for baling. Italian ryegrass including orchardgrass, alfalfa and pasture mixtures produced high quality baled silage. Silage quality point(F1ieg-point) of Italian ryegrass was improved from 63 point in crushed custom silage to 75 piont in baled silage. Meterial of grass-legume pasture mixtures showed 55 point in crushed silage and 67 point in baled silage. Fodder rye, barley, spring oat and barnyardgrass were also evaluated as a good materials for baled silage making. On the other hand, meize including sorghum and peral millet were evaluated as a not suitable materals for baling due to its high value of SR and SH. Quality of maize was excellent with 88 point in clushed silage and medium with 47 point in baled silage making.