• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.433-438
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; $32.0{\pm}3.3years$), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the food labelling system and its regulations based on Food Hygine Law in Korea and to compare them with those of USA and JAPAN. This study was carried out to suggest desirable direction for improvement of food labelling system in Korea by reviewing literatures and regulations related to the subject of this study. The results are as follows: 1. The indication of shelf-life in Korean lavelling system appeared ineffective from the point of view of consumer protection and resource preservation compared with dual system of indicating shelf-life in USA and Japan. 2. The standard of labelling general food in Korea does not give sufficient nutritive information to the consumers, compared with that in USA and Japan. 3. Only five ingredients including additives are to be listed on the food label in Korea whereas all the ingredients and additives are in the USA and Japan. 4. The way of Listing food additives on food label is neither specifically required nor standardized in Korea and, food additives are classified into only 7 groups in Korea while 18 in the USA. Based on the above results of literature review, the followings are suggested to improve food labelling system in Korea. 1. Indication of shelf-life should have dual system, in which perishable food should not be permitted to be sold after its shelf-life while the processed food or dried food to be preserved for a long time should be indicated with more or less flexible term about shelf-life. 2. Standard of labelling general food should include calorie, fat, protein, and the content of major vitamins and minerals. 3. All ingredients and their contents, including food additives should be listed on the food labels. 4. The standard of indication of food additives in Korea should include the name, usage and content of all additives used in foods.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1983

식품(食品)의 정미성(呈味性)에 대하여 연(憐) 함유량(含有量)과 그의 완충작용(緩衝作用)에 관한 관계(關係)를 규명(糾明)하기 위하여 식물성(植物性) 및 동물성(動物性)에 식품(食品) 28품목(品目)에 대한 실험(實驗) 및 통계학적(統計學的) 처리(處理)를 한 바, 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 일반적(一般的)으로 동물성(動物性) 식품(食品)이 식물성(植物性) 식품(食品)보다 연(憐)의 함유량(含有量)이 높았으며, 또한 연(憐) 함유량(含有量)이 높은 식품(食品)이 더 큰 완충작용(緩衝作用)을 나타내였고, 아울러 거의 대부분 완충작용(緩衝作用)이 큰 식품(食品)은 정미성(呈味性)이 양호(良好)하였다. 따라서 정미성(呈味性) 완충작용(緩衝作用)의 능력(能力)과 관련(關聯)되는 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidative activity of feral haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) seed extracts using 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, chloroform:methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v), n-butanol and ethyl acetate (EA). The total phenol content of the five extracts ranged from 37.29 mg/g to 55.53 mg/g. Moreover, the content was high in the 70% methanol and, 70% ethanol extracts, but low in the n-butanol extract. On the contrary, the total flavonoid content decreased in the order of n-butanol (2.93 mg/g), EA (2.67 mg/g), 70% methanol (1.00 mg/g), 70% ethanol (0.88 mg/g) and CM (0.67 mg/g) extracts. The $NO_2$ radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity by ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay and, superoxide dismutase (SOD) like ability decreased in the order of 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, CM, EA and, n-butanol extracts; further, a similar tendency was also observed in the total phenol contents. Overall, these results indicated that the antioxidative activity of feral haw seeds was closely related to the total phenol and flavonoid contents. Therefore, haw seeds might be usefully applied to natural antioxidants as well as functional foods.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.158-158
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify the candidate genes involved in selenium content in brown rice. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was important crop including diverse functional substance such as carbohydrate, protein, lysine and tocopherol, mineral. Especially, selenium as nutritionally important minerals, it was known to activate the immune system, antioxidant effect and inhibition of carcinogenesis. Also recommended daily requirements of the United States and the United Kingdom were 55 to 90 ug for selenium. Therefore, selenium content in brown rice of core-set were analyzed by using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer) and GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study) was conducted to search for candidate genes in this study. The new natural variants identified through haplotyping analysis would be useful to develop new rice varieties with improved storage ability of the valuable mineral through the future molecular breeding.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.428-433
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to identify appropriate aging conditions, changes in nucleotide-related compounds, chemical changes, and a sensory evaluation of duck meat during aging at $0^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Twenty one 45-day-old Pekin white ducks samples were separated into breast and leg meat. ATP was not detected for almost the entire aging period because ATP was depleted immediately after slaughter. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) was highest on day 1 ($26.69{\mu}mol/g$), and then it rapidly decreased to $7.11{\mu}mol/g$ on day 7. However, this level was not different between breast and leg meat. Hypoxanthine (Hx) content of breast meat was $14.88{\mu}mol/g$, whereas that of leg meat was $16.41{\mu}mol/g$. Inosine content of breast meat was double than that of leg meat. The pH values of breast and leg meat were 5.90-6.05 and 6.23-6.73, respectively, during the aging period. Volatile basic nitrogen content of breast and leg meat increased during aging. Breast meat had good sensory evaluation scores for flavor (7.4), juiciness (6.8), tenderness (7.2), and overall acceptance (7.4) on day 3. Similar to breast meat, leg meat also had good sensory evaluation scores. Therefore, it is concluded that the appropriate aging period is 3 d for duck breast meat and 1 day for leg meat at $0^{\circ}C$.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.272-283
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Most child and adolescent food literacy measurement tools focus on nutrition and food safety. However, the importance of aspects related to the food system such as food distribution and food waste and their effects on environmental sustainability is growing. We therefore developed and validated a two-dimensional tool for children (8-12 years old) and adolescents (13-18 years old) that can comprehensively measure food literacy. The association of food literacy with diet quality and self-reported health was assessed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: First, we developed a food literacy conceptual framework that contains food system and literacy dimensions through a literature review, focus group interviews, and expert review. After a face validity study, we conducted the main survey (n = 200) to validate the questionnaire. Construct validity and reliability were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: As a result of the Delphi study, content validity was confirmed for the remaining 30 items after two items were excluded (content validity ratio = 0.86). Eleven items were excluded from the EFA results, while the CFA results indicated appropriate fit indices for the proposed model (comparative fit index = 0.904, root mean square error of approximation = 0.068). The final food literacy questionnaire consisted of 19 questions and comprised 5 factors: production, distribution, selection, preparation and cooking, and intake. Food literacy was positively associated with diet quality, as assessed by the Nutrition Quotient score, in both children and adolescents and with self-reported health in adolescents.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

굴비는 참조기(Pseudosciaena manchurica)를 정제건염법, 정제복강주입법, 천일건염법에 의해 염장한 후 절반씩 나누어 온도 습도가 조절된 실내건조조건과 자연건조조건에서 25일간 건조하여 제조하였다. 이 과정에서 근육과 알의 핵산관련물질련화를 분석 비교하였다. 1. 근육의 핵산관련물질함량은 생시료의 경우 IMP가 $13.40\;{\mu}mole/g$으로 가장 많고 hypoxanthine은 $9.28\;{\mu}mole/g$, inosine은 $3.01\;{\mu}mole/g$, AMP는 미량이었다. 25일 건조했을 때 hypoxanthine은 증가하여 평균 $25.74{\mu}mole/g$이고 IMP, inosine, AMP는 미량이었다. 2. 알의 핵산관련물질함량은 생시료에서 AMP가 $13.98{\mu}mole/g$으로 가장 많고 hypoxanthine이 $6.56{\mu}mole/g$, inosine은 $1.98\;{\mu}mole/g$, IMP는 $1.93{\mu}mole/g$이었다. 생시료 근육에 비해 hypoxanthine, IMP, inosine 함량은 적고 AMP가 상당량 함유되어 있었다. 25일 건조했을 때, 근육과 마찬가지로 hypoxanthine은 증가하여 평균 $17.27\;{\mu}mole/g$이고 IMP와 inosine은 감소하여 각각 평균 $0.12\;{\mu}mole/g$과 $0.18{\mu}mole/g$, AMP는 미량이었다. 3. 염장 및 건조조건에 따른 핵산관련물질의 변화는 뚜렷하지 않았으며 굴비제조중 hypoxanthine을 제외하고는 극히 미량존재하여 굴비의 주된 맛성분으로는 작용하지 않으리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.385-393
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of egg consumption and suggest proper guidelines for consumption of eggs by determining the relationship between eggs and cholesterol. Methods: Literature review was conducted on the relationship between nutritional, functional properties of eggs and serum cholesterol, as well as cardiovascular disease. Results: Eggs, which are a good protein food with complete amino acid composition, contain vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B1_2$, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, choline, selenium, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc. However the egg yolk has a high cholesterol content, which is associated with chronic diseases, including heart disease and hypertension. As a result, its intake is subject to regulation. Outbreak of heart disease by yolk intake can show different results depending on the characteristics of the subjects, amount of egg intake, and the implications of other foods eaten. It is difficult to determine whether eggs are beneficial, as they are the main supplying source for other major nutritive elements as well. Several research studies insist that when cholesterol intake increases by 100 mg, the level of serum cholesterol increases by 2.2~4.5 mg/dL and when serum cholesterol increases by 1%, the risk of heart disease increases by 2%. This indicates that a large intake of eggs can increase the risk of heart disease. Although the cholesterol of egg yolk and serum cholesterol are correlated, it is insufficient to conclude that only cholesterol and not other components are related to heart disease. In fact, other components in egg such as various unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids could be related as well. Rather than concluding egg as a 'good' or 'bad' food according to its cholesterol content, it is important to define egg as a part of dietary patterns. Conclusion: Generalizing an indiscriminate and uniform amount of egg intake for all seems inadequate. However, patients with diabetes or heart disease should pay particular attention to the amount of egg intake. As for the norm, eating egg with vegetables as a substitute for other animal products seems beneficial.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.127-142
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• 2020

This research is the first known to introduce and analyze food-related content among the records left by George Clayton Foulk (1856-1893), a naval attache dispatched as part of a U.S. delegation to Korea during the Joseon dynasty in the 19th century. Sketches and memos by Foulk provide important clues in understanding the food culture during the late Joseon dynasty. By analyzing the types of foods, table composition, and intervals between serving the nine rounds of food from the rural government office, which Foulk ate during his local trip, he was able to confirm that there was a starter ('preliminary table' or 'hors d'œuvre') before the main table and that it was served before the main dish.