• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.73-89
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• 2019

본 연구는 2013 ~ 2015년 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여 초등학생의 아침식사 빈도에 따른 식생활 및 영양상태를 분석하고, 초등학생의 아침식사 빈도와 관련된 부모 요인을 조사하였다. 주요 결과에 대한 요약은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대상자의 일반적 특성을 비교한 결과 과체중과 비만에 해당하는 비율은 남녀 고학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 둘째, 부모 요인을 비교한 결과 어머니의 BMI지수, 어머니의 비만 비율은 남자 고학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 어머니의 경제활동 참여비율과 부모의 직업이 단순노무직인 비율은 남자 저학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 부모가 아침을 결식하는 비율은 남자 저학년 및 고학년과 여자 저학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 어머니가 혼자 아침 식사를 하는 비율은 남자 저학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 셋째, 영양소 섭취상태를 비교한 결과 아침끼니로 섭취하는 에너지는 모든 대상자에서 권장수준인 25% 이하였으며, 철분을 평균필요량 이하로 섭취하는 대상자의 비율은 남녀 고학년에서 아침식사 빈도가 낮은 군이 높은 군보다 더 높았다. 본 연구를 통해 초등학생의 아침식사 빈도는 비만과 영양소 섭취상태와 연관성이 있었고, 부모의 올바른 식생활 실천이 자녀의 아침결식 문제 해결의 효과적인 중재요인이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 초등학생이 규칙적이고 균형 있는 아침식사를 실천하기 위한 부모를 대상으로 한 영양교육 프로그램 개설 및 학교에서의 아침급식 도입 등과 같은 다양한 정책지원을 고려해볼 필요성이 있겠다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.137-159
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• 2017

본 연구는 한중일과 OECD 가입국을 포함한 총 18개국의 제조업을 11개 부문으로 구분하여 각 국의 산업별 기술적 효율성을 추정하고 비교 분석하였다. 생산성의 전통적인 관점은 기술혁신이나 공정혁신 등을 통해 생산능력을 높이는 것이지만 생산과정의 기술적 효율성에 의해서 가장 큰 영향을 받게 되는데 이러한 생산의 기술적 효율성을 추정하는 대표적인 방법이 확률적 프런티어 생산모형(Stochastic Frontier Production Model: SFM)을 이용한 분석 방법이다. 먼저 산출변수를 총산출 또는 부가가치로 각각 설정하여 확률적 프런티어 생산함수를 추정한 결과, 둘 다 노동, 자본, 중간재 투입의 경우 모든 제조업 부문에서 투입량이 늘어날수록 산출량이 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 연구개발 투자는 화학, 전자, 기계 산업 등에서 산출량에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이어서 생산함수를 통해 기술적 효율성을 추정한 결과를 보면, 산출변수를 총산출로 설정한 경우 부문별 전체 평균이 0.8이상의 값을 보이면서 대부분 높은 수준의 효율성을 나타내었다. 하지만 부가가치로 설정한 경우에는 일본이 대부분의 제조업 부문에서 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었으며, 다른 국가들은 총산출 기준의 효율성보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 한중일 3개국을 비교해보면, 대부분의 제조업 부문에서 일본이 가장 높은 효율성을 나타내었으며 우리나라는 일본의 절반이나 3분의 1 수준, 중국은 우리나라 보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 하지만 식품과 전자 부문에서는 중국이 우리나라보다 높게 나타나 이들 부문에서는 중국의 생산 효율성이 크게 향상되었음을 알 수 있다. 이처럼 우리나라는 중국의 빠른 성장에 비해 상대적으로 일본과의 격차를 좁히지 못하고 있으므로 산업별로 기술개발을 촉진하는 다양한 정책적 지원이 요구된다. 이와 함께 제조업 생산성 향상을 위해서는 기술개발뿐만 아니라 기술적 효율성을 제고할 수 있는 경제구조로의 전환도 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.258-266
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• 2023

본 연구는 다년생 목본작물 바이오매스에 대한 해외 주요국가들의 산정 방법과 연구사례를 분석하였다. 주요국별 다년생 목본작물의 탄소축적 변화량 산정 방법을 살펴본 결과, 호주, 캐나다, 일본, 불가리아 등은 축적차이법을 적용하고 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 독일, 오스트리아와 덴마크 등은 획득손실법을 기반으로 탄소축적 변화량을 산정하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 해외의 경우, 2단계 고도화연구를 통해 계수를 자체 개발하는 단계를 넘어 영상자료를 활용한 탄소축적 변화량 추정 연구를 진행하고 있는 반면, 국내의 경우 2단계 고도화연구를 시작하는 단계인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로, 국내에서 향후 필요한 연구 네 가지를 제안하고자 한다: 1) 배출·흡수량 통계의 완전성 제고를 위한 과수별 바이오매스 상대생장식 및 탄소전환계수와 이를 활용하여 산출된 단위면적(ha)당 탄소축적량 같은 국가고유계수에 대한 자체 개발, 2) 과수별 바이오매스 기준 성목 및 벌채 주기에 대한 정의와 고도화된 연령별 재배면적 산정방법론에 대한 정책연구, 3) 2025년 발사 예정인 농림위성을 기반으로 상대생장식 및 원격탐사기법을 활용하여 농경지 부문 다년생 목본작물의 고도화된 산정기법을 개발하는 연구, 그리고 농경지 부문 다년생 목본작물 재배지 매트릭스 구축 및 모니터링 체계를 확립하는 연구, 마지막으로, 4) 동적탄소순환모형을 구현하기 위해, 현재 전체 농경지들을 하나로 취급하여 산정하고 있는 토양의 탄소축적 변화량을 하위 토지분류별로 구분하여 산정하는 연구들이 반드시 필요할 것이다. 본 연구는 비교대상 국가가 8개국으로 한정되어 전세계 국가의 다년생 목본작물에 대한 정의 및 탄소축적 변화량 연구에 대한 일반화에 한계점이 존재한다. 그러나, 주요국별 다년생 목본작물 탄소축적 변화량 산정방법 비교·분석을 통해, 국내 다년생 목본작물의 관련 연구를 위해 필요한 단계별 접근방식과 탄소축적 변화량 산정방법을 제안하였다. 이는 2050 농식품부 탄소중립 추진전략, 농업분야 탄소중립 실현을 위한 기반 구축 및 관련 연구 활성화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.533-544
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• 2023

농림축산식품부는 농촌 중심지의 기능(문화·복지·경제·교육 등)을 강화하고, 중심지의 서비스가 배후마을로 전달되어 연계시키는 정책을 추진해왔다. 이러한 정책목적을 위해 일반농산어촌개발사업 내 농촌중심지활성화사업, 기초생활거점조성사업을 추진중에 있지만 실제 사업을 추진하는 과정에서 농촌 중심지의 기능 강화에 초점이 맞춰져 배후마을과의 서비스 전달 및 연계 등은 활성화되고 있지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 무주군 적상면에서 기 수행했던 사업과 지역현황을 분석하여 배후마을 서비스가 연계 및 활성화되지 못한 이유를 분석하여 앞으로 수행하게될 기초생활거점조성 2단계사업의 추진방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 배후마을 서비스가 활성화되지 못한 원인을 분석한 결과, 농촌의 분산거주 및 지형구조의 한계성으로 나타나는 서비스 접근의 불리함과 배후지역의 수요 발굴을 위한 서비스 전달 체계의 미확보 등이 문제점으로 나타났으며 그에 따른 개선방안을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 첫 번째로, 지형적 한계를 극복하고자 제안한 디딤거점 조성계획이다. 서비스 중간 터미널 기능을 담당할 디딤거점을 설정하여 효율적인 서비스전달이 이루어지도록 한다. 두 번째로, 합리적 의사결정구조를 위해 중심지 및 배후마을 주민 그리고 다양한 계층이 포함된 주민위원회의 효율적 구성과 함께 다양한 소규모 커뮤니티를 운영하여 지역의 견을 촘촘하게 수렴할 수 있는 소통창구 배치계획을 제안하였다. 세 번째로, 지역주민을 전문강사로 양성하는 선순환 지역인력 양성계획이다. 서비스 전달에서 가장 중요한 서비스 전달자, 즉 활동가를 양성하여 지속 가능한 주민 주도 서비스 공급체계를 완성하고자 한다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.58-90
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• 1989

This study was attempted to contribute to the development of school health by providing the basic data about the distribution basis and distribution aspect of teachers holding additional school health that are in charge of school health business in parimary schools, middle schools and high schools without any nurse-teacher. This study analyzed literatures about the history, related laws, organization and professional manpower of school health. The emphasis was set on the distribution basis of theachers holding additional school health. The results of this study are as following: 1. The school health of the world dates to the late 18th century in Europe where was free supplying with food for poor children. The school health of Korea orginated from smallpox vaccination which was executed with appearance of modern schools in the late 19th century. 2. The related laws of school health began as a part of Education Law with was constituted in 1949. By the School Health Law constituted in 1967 and the enforcement ordinance of School Health made firm the legal basis of school health. 3. The administrative organs of school health are the Ministry of Education in center and each Board of Education in cities and provinces. For the first time in 1979, the department of school health was established in the organization of the Ministry of Education. And at about the same time of establishment of the department of school health, health section was established in the department of social physical-training in locality. 4. In the manpower of school health which was presented in the related statute of school health, there are the ward chief of education, the superintendent of educational affair, of cities and districts, the mayors, the governors of provinces, the school managers, the principals, the school doctors, the school pharmacists, and the nurse-teachers, including teachers holding additional school health as the practical manpower of school health. 5. In order to get some information on distribution aspect of teachers additional school health, this study made up a questionnaire from August 3 to August 11, 1988. The subjects of this study were 212 leachers who took part in the yearly training for teachers holding additional school health from Kyunggi province, Chungbuk province and Jeonbuk province. The results of the questionnaire are as following: 1. The distribution percentages of teachers holding additional school health according to each Board of Education wich schools are subject to, are as following:70.1% (Kyunggi), 76.5% (Chungbuk), and 81.4% (Jeonbuk). There was a significant difference. The distribution percentages of teachers holding additional school health according to the school levels of 3 provinces are as following: 74.1% (Primary schools), 77.8% (Middle schools), 76.7% (High schools). There were little significant differences. 2. The distribution according to the general characteristics of the subject schools: There were 64.2 percent of primary schools and 35.8 percent of middle schools among 212 schools. 91. 5 percent of schools were located in districts. Public schools formed 55.7% and then national schools were higher in percentage than private schools. 58.5 percent of schools had 1-9 classes, 64.6 percent of schools had 101-500 students, and 90 percents of schools had 1-20 teachers. In considering student sex, the coed school showed the high distribution percentage (Primary schools : 100%, Middle schools: 81.6%). 3. The distribution according to the characteristics of teachers holding additional school health: 93.3 percent of teachers were female, and more than 60 percent of teachers were 20-29 years old. As the age got higher, the percentage became lower. There were little significant differences by marital status. In considering their educational status, 86.8 percent of teachers in primary schools were from teacher's colleges, and 64.5 percent of teachers in middle schools were from education colleges. In considering teaching career, 46.7 percent of teachers had teaching career of less than 2 years. 73.6 percent of teachers had held additional school health for less than one year. More than 80 percent of teachers had participated in the training one time or twice. More than 70 percent of teachers had 1-2 additional jobs except for the school health business. The motivation to hold additional school health is most caused by mandatory order, which accounts for more than 80.0 percent. In considering interesting degree concerning school health, lukewarm answer is the highest of 62.7 percent, followed by affirmative answer of 23.6 percent. In considering their contentment degree respecting additional school health job, "discontent or very discontent"is the highest of 47.6 percent. As a descontent reason of additional school health job, overwork is the highest factor of 37.9 percent. Among addiitional school health job, the most difficult affair is nursing service to be 34.0 percent, followed by health education of 31.6 percent. It testify the need of professional. The source of knowledge about school health has been acquired from masscommunication or private health experience, which account for as much as 56.1 percent. It shows seriousness of lack of professionalism. With regard to neccessity of school health experts, 95.8 percent represents absolute need. With above consideration of study results, I propose as follows : 1. I propose that the authorities concerned unify and improve statute respecting current school health which has not been steadfastly supporting school health business by ambiguity of expression and dualization. 2. I propose that the authorities concerned give the school manager, school staffs and parents of students educational chance with which they can acknowledge the importance of school health and in which they can participate as well as set up alternative policy plan to be albe to vitalize school health committee. 3. I propose that administrative organization practicable to taking totally charge of school health business is established within the Ministry of Education. 4. I propose that the authorities concerned back up and cooperate in an attempt by make school health better and desirable toward development by way of appointing qualitied health teachers on the basis of legally regular teacher staffs.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.210-233
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• 1993

The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.