• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of cordyceps ochraceostromat, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and silkworm cocoon on the quality and storage characteristics of pork sausage manufactured by MDCM (mechanically deboned chicken meat) recovered protein. The samples were divided into 5 groups (sausage made from pork ham; control, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham; T1, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% cordyceps ochraceostromat; T2, 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% CLA; T3, and 40% of MDCM recovered protein to replace pork ham with 0.1% silkworm cocoon; T4). The control sample had a higher moisture and protein contents and lower fat content than the other samples during 4 weeks of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ The treatment samples had lower lightness and higher redness values than the control (p<0.05). Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly lower in the treatment samples than the control (p<0.05). All sausage samples showed a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen, and total plate counts during the storage time (p<0.05). In addition, the MDCM treatment samples had higher TBARS values than the control, but the VBN value of the treatment samples was lower than the control after the 4 weeks storage period.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.435-442
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• 2010

The study analyzed the effects of salt concentration [high salt (HS) and low salt (LS)] and sodium nitrite ($NaNO_2$), which are typically utilized in Korean processing facilities, on fatty acid composition, free amino acids, microbial counts and sensory characteristics of processed dry-cured ham. Four different treatments were considered: three hams (11.30 kg) salted with 92 g/kg salt (w/w) (HS), three hams (10.65 kg) treated with HS and 100 ppm $NaNO_2$ (HS+$NaNO_2$), three hams (11.42 kg) salted with 62 g/kg salt (w/w) (LS), and three hams (10.62 kg) treated with LS and 100 ppm $NaNO_2$ (LS+$NaNO_2$). Fatty acid composition analysis revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher saturated fatty acid and lower (p<0.05) unsaturated fatty acid in the HS+$NaNO_2$ group compared with the other groups. Glutamate, alanine and lysine free amino acids were higher than the other free amino acids. The processing conditions did not significantly affect the free amino acids of biceps femoris muscles, except for the proline content (p>0.05). In sensory evaluation, the fermentation aroma of the LS group was higher than that of the HS group. The aerobic counts consistently ranged from from $2.3{\times}10^2$ to $1.11{\times}10^4$ CFU/g. Escherichia coli including strain O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. were not detected.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.710-718
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• 2002

It is reported that Pueraria Radix contains phtoestrogens whereas flower, and bud of Pueraria lobata Ohwi were not known. In the present study, we determined the amount of phytoestrogen in each portion of P. lobata Ohwi and carried out therapeutic effects of osteoporosis. The amounts of genistein, daidzein, and formononetin in Pueraria Radix (PR), Pueraria Flos (PF), and young Pueratia Folium (PL) were quantitated using a HPLC system. Proliferation of osteoblast and growth inhibitory effect on osteoclast were measured in order to screen their effects on osteoporosis. Proliferation of osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) was analyzed by both MTT methods and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays. Growth inhibitory effect on osteoclast was also detected as Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay. Ovariectomized rat as an in vivo animal model was selected and administrations of PR were 1 g/kg/day (PR-1) and 5 g/kg/day (PR-5) for 9 weeks, respectively. Trabecular bone areas (TBAs) of tibia and lumbar were analyzed usibg histomorphological methods. Results show that PR contains the highest level of daidzein ($10435{\pm}2143\;mg/kg$ of dried herb) and stimulated ALP activity, approximately 160% of the control. Growth inhibitory effect on osteoclast by both PR and daidzein were almost identical with control although $IC_{50}$ of genistein was $5.81{\times}10^{-7}$ M. Increases in body weight of OVX rats were suppressed by administration of PR but wet weights of uterus in PR-5 group were increased (p<0.05). Plasma ALP and HDL-cholesterol levels were decreased following ages (p<0.01), and LDL-cholesterol level was also decreased in PR-5 group at 20 week of age (p<0.01). TBAs of tibia and lumbar in PR-1 and PR-5 groups were higher than those of the control although the values were less than those of the sham group (each p<0.01) In conclusion, administrations of PR prevented loss of TBAs of tibia and lumber in OVX rats, while PL and PF did not (p<0.01).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

Although iron is an essential mineral, excess iron intake during pregnancy may increase oxidative stress in tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of iron overload during pregnancy on iron status and oxidative stress in maternal rats. Ten week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were mated with male rats. Non-pregnant (control) and pregnant rats were fed diets containing normal Fe (35 mg/kg diet), high Fe (350 mg/kg diet), or excess Fe (1,050 mg/kg diet) during pregnancy. Rats were sacrificed on pregnancy day 19. No significant difference in weight gain, diet intake, or litter size was observed according to iron intake levels. Furthermore, serum iron, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not different among the rats administered the three levels of Fe both in the control and pregnant groups. However, the iron levels were lower in pregnant rats than those in the control. The liver and spleen iron contents increased significantly in the excess Fe group. An increase in liver ferritin levels with increasing iron intake was observed. Protein carbonyl content, as a marker of oxidative stress, increased significantly in liver with increasing iron intake but not malondialdehyde. Glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of pregnant rats fed excess iron decreased significantly. Bcl-2 protein expression in the liver declined remarkably with increasing maternal iron intake in pregnant rats. Taken together, iron overload during pregnancy had little effect on hematology. However, the deposits of iron in the liver and the decline in antioxidant enzyme activity implied increased oxidative stress in tissues of the excess Fe group. These results suggest that excess iron intake during pregnancy increases oxidative stress in maternal tissues and may also affect fetal tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.284-293
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the behavioral intentions of breastfeeding in single women using the theory of planned behavior. Methods: The questionnaires were distributed to 350 single women in her 20~30s, and 316 respondents were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The subjects showed strong intentions and favorable attitudes toward breastfeeding. The subjects were more favorably influenced by their mothers, siblings, friends, and coworkers who previously experienced breastfeeding than ones with no breastfeeding experiences. There were significant correlations between breastfeeding intention and attitudes (r = 0.321, p < 0.0001), subjective norms (r = 0.434, p < 0.0001), and perceived control (r = 0.307, p < 0.0001). However, regression analysis with two different age groups revealed that subjective norms (p < 0.0001) and perceived control (p < 0.001) contributed to the model of explaining breastfeeding intentions in subjects who were 25 years old or younger, whereas attitudes did not. In addition, subjects who were more than 25 years old showed that attitudes (p < 0.003) and subjective norms (p = 0.002) contributed to the model of explaining breastfeeding intentions while perceived control (p < 0.070) showed less contribution. Conclusion: These results suggest that the theory of planned behavior can be a useful tool to increase the rate of breastfeeding intentions in single women when designing educational materials, which requires consideration of age differences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.913-920
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• 2001

The effect of kimchi pill supplementation on plasma lipid concentration of middle aged healthy people were studied. Freeze-dried mustard leaf added (30%) Korean cabbage kimchi and powdered glutinous parch were used to prepare kimchi and placebo pill, respectively. Experimental group if six participants took 3 g of freeze-dried kimchi as a pill daily for 6 weeks which is equivalent to 30 g of fresh kimchi and control group of six people took same amount of placebo. The diet intakes for the kimchi and placebo group fairly remained unchanged during 6 weeks of trial. When the effect of kimchi pill supplementation was expressed as average percentage changes based on each individual changes, the plasma triglyceride concentration of kimchi pill group was sig-nificantly decreased by 16.8% during trial (p<0.05)while that of placebo group increased by 9.8%, But no changes in plasma and LDL cholesterol concentrations of both groups were observed. HDL cholesterol of kimchi pill group significantly increased by 11.7%(p<0.05), therefore the ratio LDL/HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased by 6.7%(p<0.05) while that for the placebo group increased. The atherogenic index at the kimchi group was also significantly decreased by 10.8%(p<0.05). Kimchi supplementation seemed to have beneficial effects on controlling plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol in middle aged men.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1185-1193
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of green tea on the disorders of lipid metabolism, oxidative system and hepatic functions induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), using adult male rats (SD) for 3 weeks. These 36 animals were divided into four groups. TCDD ($50{\mu}g/kg$ BW) was intraperitoneally injected at the beginning of experiment. Green tea powder was added 1% or 3% levels in basal diets respectively. Relative weights of thymus were decreased about one-third of control group, but those of liver, brain and testis were significantly increased in rats treated TCDD. Neutrophill% and lymphocyte% by TCDD treatment was improved by green tea diets. In liver functional enzyme, elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities due to TCDD treatment was lowered by green tea diets. The concentrations of serum and liver lipids were significantly increased by TCDD treatment, however, those of serum and liver triglyceride tended to decrease by green tea diets. Fecal lipid excretion was increased in rats fed green tea diets. Especially, fecal total cholesterol level was significantly elevated by 3% green tea diets. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased in rats fed 3% green tea diets. Increment of benzphetamine N-demethylase (BPND) activity by TCDD treatment was declined by 1% green tea diets. These results indicate that green tea can exert improving effects on liver lipid accumulation and unfavorable hepatic functions, and elevate antioxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of antler velvet (EAV) on common serum chemistry panels and histopathological change in rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Administration of TCDD ($50{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) induced significant decrease in platelet count (p<0.01), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, p<0.01), lactatate dehydrogenase (LDH, p<0.05) and glucose (p<0.05) levels and increase in hemoglobin (p<0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p<0.01), alanine amino transferase (ALT, p<0.05) and lipase activities (p<0.05), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.01) and low density lipoptotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p<0.05) levels. However, pretreatment of EAV at daily dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. from 1 wk before TCDD exposure for 5 wks attenuated the abnormality of the overall serum chemistry panels but statistical difference between TE and TA groups was observed only in testicular weight (p<0.01), LDH activity (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.05) and lipase activity (p<0.01). In addition, TCDD induced significant histopathological changes including swelling, fatty metamorphosis, and vacuolar degeneration in liver; edema in proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and glomerulus in kidney; severe atrophy of red purple and appearance of significant number of macrophage in spleen; prominent atrophy and decrease in immune cells in thymus. On the other hand, administration of EAV attenuated histopathological damage induced by TCDD. These results further suggest that administration of EAV attenuates TCDD induced testicular, liver, pancreatic, hematopoietic and nephrotic toxicities in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.935-942
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the effect of flower of Pueraria lobata on liped peroxidation and activities of alcohol metabolic enzymes in alcohol-treated rats. Male Spra gue-Dawley rats were given 25% ethanol (Alcohol), 25% ethanol and 5 mg tectorigenin/kg B.W.(Alc.-Tec), 25% ethanol and 5mg kaikasaponin III/kg B.W. (Alc-Kai). The contents of serum total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid were increased by ethanol treatment and were lower in the Alc.-Tec and Alc.-Kai group than in the Alcohol group. Decreased serum HDL-cholesterol by alcohol treatment was recovered by tectorigenin and kaikasaponin III. Microsomal cytochrome P-450, aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities were increased by ethanol and were lower in the Alc. Tec and Alc.-Kai group than in the Alcohol group. Activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was increased by ethanol and was higher in the Alc.-Tec and Alc.-Kai group than in the Alcohol group. Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system activity was higher in Alc.-Tec group than in the other group. No significant difference was found in catalase activity among treatment groups. These data indicate that tectorigenin and kaikasaponin III were effected alcohol metabolic enzyme system and the liver damage associated with chronic ethanol consumption.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2004

To investigate antioxidative effects of phenolic compounds separated from persimmon leaves(PL)(Diospyros kaki Thunb.) on the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100-150 g were divided into 5 groups; control group(CON), PL(70 mg/kg) administered group(PEl), ethanol(5 mL/kg, 25％) administered group(ETH), PL(70 mg/kg) and ethanol administered group (PE2), and PL(140 mg/kg) and ethanol administered group(PE3), respectively. The antioxidative activity of persimmon leaves decreased in order of ethylacetate>interphase materials>n-butanol>chloroform>n-hexane>water fraction. The growth rate and feed efficiency ratio decreased by ethanol were gradually increased to the adjacent level of CON by administering PL. The serum activities of ALT, alkaline phosphatase and lactic acid dehydrogenase elevated by ethanol were decreased significantly. It was also observed that the activities of SOD, catalase, and GSH-Px of rat liver increased by ethanol were markedly decreased in PL administered group as compared to ETH. The GSH content of liver was decreased by ethanol, but that was increased in PE1 and PE2 compared with ETH as a dose-dependant manner. These results suggested that phenolic compounds separated from persimmon leaves have a possible protective and relievable effect on the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.