• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.190-193
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• 2004

This review was conducted to evaluate the 'Korean Food Composition Table' and establish it as an internationally accepted database by examining its contents and evolution over time. The food composition table has been published by National Rural Living Science Institute, every 5 years, listing the nutrient content for each food, as both the raw agricultural product and processed foods, since the 1$^{st}$ edition in 1979 by RDA (Rural Development Administration). This is the basic data applied to the evaluation of the nutritional value of foods in Korea. The data is used as a useful tool in many fields, not only for the establishment of the National Food Supply Plan but also for nutritional research, the draft of National Food Policy, and in clinical and epidemiological research. The database is also utilized by food service providers and food processors, etc. Consumers and the international society have been interested in the quality and safety of foods and raw agricultural products. As these data expand in volume, the type of foods included in the composition table is expanded to cover new additions for the convenience of users of the 'Nutrient Data Base' as judged by the publishers. The form of these reports varies, according to the current information, from a simple booklet to CD-ROM and to the Web service. We expect to continue to make improvements in the National Standard Table for food composition through expanding both the quantity and quality of data in an orderly manner. This effort can help food composition data to be comprehensively developed systematically and gradually at the national level.l.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1324-1377
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• 1998

This study was conducted for two purposes ; (1) to develop a database for zinc levels in commonly usef Korean food items ; and (2) to calculated the zinc intake fo Korean adults living in a rural area. The currently used Korean food compositinotable was supplemented in term sof zinc content using several methods ; (1) analyzing 98 Korean Food items frequently consumed by Korean adults living in rural area. ; (2) adapting values from U.S Minnesota for 71 items ; and (3) imputing values from similar food for 282 items. A new zinc nutrient databse was constructed including zinc contentrs of 1,195 food items. Zinc intake of rural Korean adults was estimated by a 240hours recall method from 2 ,037 adults over 30 over 30years of age in Yeonchon -gun , Kyunggi province of Korea. Mean daily zinc intake of all subjects was 61mg an dmean intake level of males (7.0mg/day, 46.85 of RDA) was significantly thigher than females(5.2mg/day, 43.0% of RDA). Subjects in their 40's had the highest zinc intak ewhile those over 70 years of age consumed the least amount of zinc. The food group that contributed most to the dietary ainc intake of subjects was cereals and grain products supplying 38% of total zinc intake. The next most important group for zinc intak ewas the meat, poultry , and product group supplying 26% ot total intake. This group was followed by fishes and shellfishes, legumes and their products, and vegetales . For individual food items , reicecontribued most, supplying 27% of total zinc intake follwoed by beef(10%) and prok(9%) . Altogether, plant foods supplied 68% of zinc intake suggesting that the bioabailability of dietary ainc is low. In conclusion, these results show ethat the zinc intake of rural Korean adults is low and that sources of dietary zinc are mainly plant foods, suggesting low bioavailability . Further studies are needed to determine zinc intake and status of Korean population. The zinc database developed in this study will be very valuable for such studies.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 2003

The food composition tables are frequently used to health and nutrition practices. But it is difficult to find out food exchange lists with food exchange groups in the food composition table. Over 2500 items and many kinds of nutrients are in the food composition table. But now food exchange lists are used a few foods. The internet demands the users needs for obtaining more food exchange lists and nutrient information from food composition. This basic study is to solve the users need and the supply more efficient and effective manipulation system for e-food exchange database construction and search system:ENECC/e-food exchnage(E-Nutrition Education and Couseling Center/e-food exchange). This paper introduces the food exchange database construction and search system(ENECC/e-food exchange) using the formula which calculates the food exchange quantity of 6 food exchange groups and added one extra groups(alcohol) based on the internet. The ENECC/e-food exchange database is basically based on the 6th food composition table(2001) of the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration, Korea. The e-food exchange database are consisted of 2,261 foods in 6 basic food groups and one extra groups by using ENECC calculating formula. Also, the e-food exchange database has the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content such as energy, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, retinol equivalent, retinol, â-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, refuse per 100g of each food.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.797-808
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• 2001

To determine folate intake and food sources in Korea college students, dietary survey was conducted in March, 1999. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using the method of 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days. The data of 44 male and 62 female students were analyzed with two different nutrient databases in Recommended Dietary Allowances for Korean on the 6th and 7th revisions, and the results were compared. The intakes of energy and nutrients except vitamin A and folate were lower when analyzed with the 7th database than the 6th database. Mean daily folate intakes with the 6th and 7th databases were 172.9$\mu\textrm{g}$, 221.6$\mu\textrm{g}$ for male students while 125.1$\mu\textrm{g}$, 168.0$\mu\textrm{g}$ for female students, respectively. The results showed significantly higher estimates of folate intake with the 7th database, and significantly higher intake in males than females analyzed with both the 6th and 7th databases. Daily folate intake per 1,000kcal (folate density) was 71.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for males and 67.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for females with the 6th database, and 97.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for males and 95.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for females with the 7th database. The differences in folate density between the two databases were signficant, but the differences between the gender were not significant. The proportions of the subjects who consumed more than the RDA of 250$\mu\textrm{g}$ with the 6th and 7th databases were only 4.6%, 29.6% of males and 1.6%, 9.7% of females, respectively. The biggest food source of folate was Kimchi, contributing 17.9% for male and 13.7% for female students with 7th database. Laver, spinach, Ramyon, rice, and Ko Chu Jang together with Kimchi contributed 41.9% for male and 32.4% for females students with the 7th database. These results imply that folate intake reported in the reported inthe previous studies using the 6th database was underestimated. However, the 7th database seems to be still incomplete since 20.5% of 2,932 foods in the database were derived from the other sources, and the rest were imputed from similar foods. Therefore, in order to accurately estimate folate intake of Koreans, folate contents in major contributing foods need to be measured using an appropriate assay method.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 1987

The purpose of this study is to computerize all the necessary information on the daily food value and nutritional status for individuals and groups. In this research, a FOCUS-16jXT (16 bit personal computer ) compatible with IBM-PCjXT was used, and the database files and programs were created by using the dBASEIII package. The food life evaluation system consists of 3 subsystems of Reference, Nutrition Status Assessment and Food Source. The findings are summerized a8 follows: 1. Reference: This subsystem enables users to proceed to the next step, if necessary, by describing each subsystem. 2. Nutrition Status Assessment. 1) Food Habit Assessment: This subsystem determines whether the user has a good food habit or not, based on the answers for ten questions about daily food life. 2) Obesity Assessment: This subsystem calculates Broca index, which is used as a indicator of obesity. 3) Nutrient Intakes: When personal data such as age, sex, weight, height and food consumptions are input, it is possible to calculate the followings. i) Comparison between the amounts intaked and the recommended dietary daily allowances of various nutrients ii) Nutrient intakes from each food group and their composition rates for the nutrients iii) Nutrient intakes per unit body surface area iv) Composition of lipid intake 3. Food Sources: The appropriate food sources for the lacking nutrients will be recommended to the subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

This study was reviewed databases and outcomes of national/international off-line and on-line(Internet) nutrition softwares to identify the present conditions of nutrition softwares, and investigated user's needs and determine which component should be included in nutrition software. The most frequently used databases for the national programs were the food composition table provided from the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration and the food composition table and the nutrient contents of foods provided from the Korean Nutrition Society. For international programs, the food composition table from the USDA was commonly used. The analysed outcomes included the degree of obesity, nutrient analysis and nutrient intake compared with RDA, food intake from each by food group, food habits and the frequency of food consumption. As to the result of needs assessment for the Internet nutrition softwares, it was suggested that the needs of the Internet nutrition softwares were high because most of the respondents replied that 3-point('it is needed') or 4-point('it is necessary') on 4-points likert scale. As to the databases, the needs of 'food composition analysis' and 'the suggestion of the Korean RDA' were high. For the basic information for foods, the respondents replied that 'the classification of foods', 'foods codes', 'the amount of ingredients' and 'nutrient analysis' should be included. The needs of 'nutrient analysis of meal', 'diet therapy' and 'meal plan by caloric requirements' were high. As for utilizing the Internet meal planning programs, the respondents replied that 'it should be easy to use' most and demand for 'data saving and the saved data should be usable later' and 'meal planning education tools' were high. In conclusion, the Internet nutrition software that satisfies various needs of users should be developed for policy making that promote public health, nutritional care and self-supporting of foods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.586-604
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• 2005

A reliable nutrient database is a prerequisite for accurate calculation of dietary intakes. The folate database currently available in Korea, however, is not reliable because the values were obtained from published data in other countries using ineffective methods to extract folates from the food matrix. The purpose of this study was to complement the folate database by analyzing folate content in foods using a more effective method to extract food folates (trienzyme treatment). Folate content per unit weight was highest in laver, fermented soybeans, soybean, spinach, black soybeans, crown daisy, mung beans, and quail's egg in descending order. Legumes, leafy greens, eggs, and seaweeds were rich in folate, and meats, chicken, fish, and some fruits contained less folate. Some of the analyzed values were 10 times higher than those in the currently available database. Folate values of 423 foodcodes out of 2,932 foodcodes ($14.4\%$) in the database in the 7th revision in the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans can be replaced by those analyzed in this study. Since folate values of rice and Kimchi, which are core dishes of Koreans, in the newly established database are higher than those in the current database, folate intake assessed using our data will be higher than that using the current available database. Folate content in more foods commonly consumed in Korea are needed to update the folate database. Meanwhile, folate values presented here can be used to assess dietary folate intake of the Korean population.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 1993

The ascorbic acid contents of 101 food items were analyzed by HPLC to provide database to estimate dietary intakes of ascorbic acid of Korean. Foods with high contents of ascorbic acid were green vegetables, citrus fruits, strawberry, kiwi, and fruit juices. This analysis data of ascorbic acid contents in some food items showed significant deviations compared with other Food Composition Table. Ascorbic acid content in soups were lower than those of raw foods by about 57%. The ascorbic acid contents in blanched or seasoned after blanching vegetables and boiled or steamed meals turned out to be decreased by about 52.3% and 47.5%, respectively, but the degrees were varied with the kind of foods as well as cooking methods. The ascorbic acid intakes from 18 most frequently consumed meals in Korea were determined to be about 1/2 of Food Composition Table according to this analysis data. The results showed the importance of accurate food database in assessing nutrient intake levels of population.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2004

The Multiethnic Cohort Study was designed to study prospectively the relationship of diet and other lifestyle factors to the risk of cancer. The cohort was established in 1993-1996 in Hawaii and California (primarily Los Angeles) and included a representative sample of more than 215,000 men and women primarily from five different ethnic groups: Japanese, whites, Native Hawaiians, Latinos, and African- Americans. Because of the emphasis on diet, great attention was paid to developing and pre-testing a self-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire that would adequately assess food and nutrient intakes in these groups. An extensive food composition database was also created for the study. In addition, during data collection, a calibration study was conducted that makes possible adjustment for measurement error in nutrient intakes and valid comparison of intakes across the several ethnic groups. At the present time, blood and urine specimens are being collected from cohort participants and should yield a biorepository of more than 80,000 subjects. Baseline data indicate that the cohort is well representative of the general population of Hawaii and California, so that results can be generalized. These data also show a wide range in dietary intakes and in other lifestyle variables that should facilitate the testing of etiologic hypotheses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.504-518
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• 2017

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a processed foods database (DB) for estimation of processed food intake in the Korean population using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Analytical values of processed foods were collected from food composition tables of national institutions (Development Institute, Rural Development Administration), the US Department of Agriculture, and previously reported scientific journals. Missing or unavailable values were substituted, calculated, or imputed. The nutrient data covered 14 nutrients, including energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. The processed food DB covered a total of 4,858 food items used in the KNHANES. Each analytical value per food item was selected systematically based on the priority criteria of data sources. Results: Level 0 DB was developed based on a list of 8,785 registered processed foods with recipes of ready-to-eat processed foods, one food composition table published by the national institution, and nutrition facts obtained directly from manufacturers or indirectly via web search. Level 1 DB included information of 14 nutrients, and missing or unavailable values were substituted, calculated, or imputed at level 2. Level 3 DB evaluated the newly constructed nutrient DB for processed foods using the 2013 KNHANES. Mean intakes of total food and processed food were 1,551.4 g (males 1,761.8 g, females 1,340.8 g) and 129.4 g (males 169.9 g, females 88.8 g), respectively. Processed foods contributed to nutrient intakes from 5.0% (fiber) to 12.3% (protein) in the Korean population. Conclusion: The newly developed nutrient DB for processed foods contributes to accurate estimation of nutrient intakes in the Korean population. Consistent and regular update and quality control of the DB is needed to obtain accurate estimation of usual intakes using data from the KNHANES.