• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.82-93
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• 1998

Monthly changes of the gonad follicle index (GFI), reproductive cycle, egg-diameter composition, first sexual maturity of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were studied based on the samples which have been collected from the intertidal zone of Poryong west coast of Korea, from January to December, 1996. C. gigas, is dioecious, while a few individuals are alternatively hermaphroditic. Monthly variation of gonad follicle index (GFI) used for determination of spawning period, coincided with the reproductive cycle. GFI increased from April when seawater temperatures gradually increased and reached the maximum in May. And then, GFI sharply decreased from June to September due to spawning. Reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into five successive stages: in females, early active stage (March to April), late active stage (April to May), ripe stage (May to August), partially spawned stage (June to September) and spent/inactive stage (September to February); in males, early active stage (February to March), late active stage (April to May), ripe stage (May to September), partially spawned stage (June to September) and spent/ inactive stage (September to February). The diameter of fully mature eggs are approximately 50um. Spawning occurred from June to September, and two spawning peaks were observed in June and August when the seawater temperature was above $20^{\circ}C$. Percentages of the first sexual maturity of males of 20.1-25.0 mm in shell height were over $50\%$, while those of females of 25.1-30.0 mm in shell height were over $50\%$. All the males of > 30.1 mm and all the females of ^gt; 35.1 mm completed their first sexual maturity. The results suggest that C. gigas has a protandry phenomenon. Sex ratios of 919 oysters observed were 453 females $(49.29\%)$, 429 males $(46.68\%)$, 16 hermaphrodites $(1.74\%)$, and 21 indeterminate individuals $(2.29\%)$. In age class I, sex ratio of males were $64.00\%$, thus, a higher percentage than that of females. It was noted that $64.00\%$ of the young males (age class I) were more functional than females in age class I, but 2-3 year-old oysters showed higher percentage of females. Percentages of hemaphrodites in 2-3 year classes were relatively higher than those in other year classes. Histological pattern of hermaphrodites can be divided into two types: Type I (hermaphrodite having a number of newly formed developing oocytes on the oogenic tissues within a degenerating spermatogenic follicle after discharge of numerous spermatozoa) and Type II (hermaphrodite having two separate follicles in the same gonad).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.110-114
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• 2015

Purpose: Growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-11 is a transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ family member that plays important regulatory roles in development of multiple tissues which include axial skeletal patterning, palatal closure, and tooth formation. Proteins that have been identified as GDF-11 inhibitors include GDF-associated serum protein (GASP)-1 and GASP-2. Recently, we found that mice genetically engineered to lack both Gasp1 and Gdf11 have an increased frequency of cleft palate. The goal of this study was to investigate the roles of GDF-11 and its inhibitors, GASP-1 and GASP-2, during dental and craniofacial development and growth. Methods: Mouse genetic studies were used in this study. Homozygous knockout mice for Gasp1 ($Gasp1^{-/-}$) and Gasp2 ($Gasp2^{-/-}$) were viable and fertile, but Gdf11 homozygous knockout ($Gdf11^{-/-}$) mice died within 24 hours after birth. The effect of either Gasp1 or Gasp2 deletion in $Gdf11^{-/-}$ mice during embryogenesis was evaluated in $Gasp1^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{-/-}$ and $Gasp2^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{-/-}$ mouse embryos at 18.5 days post-coitum (E18.5). For the analysis of adult tissues, we used $Gasp1^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{+/-}$ and $Gasp2^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice to evaluate the potential haploinsufficiency of Gdf11 in $Gasp1^{-/-}$ and $Gasp2^{-/-}$ mice. Results: Although Gasp2 expression decreased after E10.5, Gasp1 expression was readily detected in various ectodermal tissues at E17.5, including hair follicles, epithelium in nasal cavity, retina, and developing tooth buds. Interestingly, $Gasp1^{-/-}$;$Gdf11^{-/-}$ mice had abnormal formation of lower incisors: tooth buds for lower incisors were under-developed or missing. Although $Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice were viable and had mild transformations of the axial skeleton, no specific defects in the craniofacial development have been observed in $Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice. However, loss of Gasp1 in $Gdf11^{+/-}$ mice occasionally resulted in small and abnormally shaped auricles. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both GASP-1 and GDF-11 play important roles in dental and craniofacial development both during embryogenesis and in adult tissues.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2013

In Incheon bay, mass mortalities of Manila clam associated with winter storms have been reported. In the present study we have monitored pathologic condition of the clams stranded on the tidal flats by the winter storms occurred in late March to early April in 2007. The field surveyed indicated that mortality of the Manila clam in the study areas ranged 10-15%. Condition index, a ratio of tissue weight to the shell weight, of the stranded clams was significantly lower than the non-stranded normal clams collected from the same locations (p < 0.05), indicating that the stranded clams were comparatively in poor physiological condition. Perkinsus olseni, the protozoan parasite was observed most of clams used in the analysis and the infection prevalence ranged 77-90%. The infection intensity of P. olseni determined using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) cultivation and the 2M NaOH digestion assay indicated that the clams collected during late March and early April in 2007 involved 67,182-1,124,727 P. olseni cells/g tissue. The infection intensity of clams from Gung-Pyeung was significantly higher than the intensities observed from Dae-Bu and Young-Heung (p < 0.05). No clear correlation was found between the infection intensities of P. olseni in the non-stranded normal clams and the stranded clams. The stranded Manila clams were also infected with trematode parasite with the prevalence ranged 5 (Young-Heung) to 12.5% (Dae-Bu). The trematode-infected clams exhibited castrated follicles in the gonad, a typical sign of trematode infection. It was believed that mass mortality of Manila clam observed in this study was associated with the poor physiological condition as indicated by CI, although impacts of the parasite infection cannot be ruled out.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2018

Root resorption of the permanent maxillary incisors can occur due to ectopic eruption of the permanent canines. Severe root resorption threatens the long-term survival of the affected incisors. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for root resorption of the maxillary incisors associated with impacted maxillary canines. In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 65 children and adolescents with ectopically erupting maxillary canines (total of 88 impacted canines). Root resorption of central incisors was significantly associated with the mesiodistal position and root development of the adjacent canine. Root resorption of lateral incisors was significantly associated with sex, age, and the buccolingual and vertical position of the adjacent canine. However, enlargement of the dental follicle was not significantly associated with root resorption of adjacent incisors. Although incisor resorption is difficult to diagnose and predict, our findings suggest that changes in the dental follicles of the erupting maxillary canines do not cause resorption of the adjacent permanent incisors. CBCT should be utilized to ensure early diagnosis of impacted canines and precise evaluation of incisor root resorption.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.447-455
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• 1995

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is one of the major complications of abscesses of the maxillofacial region. The initial symptoms of CST are usually pain in the eye and tenderness to pressure. this is associated with high fluctuating fever, chills, rapid pulse, and sweating. Venous obstruction subsequently causes edema of the eyelids, lacrimation, proptosis, chemosis and retinal hemorrhages. Blindness is sometimes an accompaniment of cavernous sinus thrombosis when the infection also involves the orbit. There is also cranial nerve involvement (oculomotor, troclear, abducence) and ophthalmoplegia, diminished or absent corneal reflex, ptosis, and dilation of the pupil occur. The terminal stages bring signs of advanced toxemia and meningitis. Infections of the face can cause a septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. Furunculosis and infected hair follicles in the nose are frequent causes. Extractions of maxillary anterior teeth in the presence of acute infection and especially curettage of the sockets under such circumstances can cause this condition. The infection is usually staphylococcal. The inflection may spread directly through the pterygoid plexus of veins and the pterygomaxillary space and then ascend into the sinus or it may spread directly from the pterygopalatine space to the orbit. This is possible because of the absence of valves in the angular, facial, and ophthalmic veins. The treatment is empirical antibiotic therapy followed by specific anbibiotic therapy based on blood or pus culture. The inflection usually involves one side, however, it may easily spread to the opposite side through the circulus sinus. Unless it is treated early, the prognosis is poor even in this doses. Occasionally the antibiotics will not adequately resolve the septic thrombus, and death ensues. the use of anticoagulants to prevent venous thrombosis has been recommended, but the efficacy of such therapy has not been substantiated. Surgical access through eye enucleation has been suggested. We report a case which demonstrates cavernous sinus thrombosis by the infection after the functional neck dissection and the intraoral reconstruction with auriculomastoid fascio-cutaneous island flap.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.501-505
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• 2004

Dermoid cyst is a developmental cyst that is lined by epidermis-like epithelium and contains dermal adnexal structures in the cyst wall. Dermoid cyst most occur in the eye brow although occasionally develop in other locations such as midline of the floor of the mouth, tongue, lip and buccal mucosa. The lesion is slow growing and painless without lympadenopathy. The contents of the dermoid cyst can be caseous or sebaceous. The size can vary from a few millimeters to 12cm in diameter. Histologically, dermoid cyst is lined by epidermis and adnexaes such as sweat gland, sebaceous glands and hair follicles are present in the cyst wall. The 2-year-old female of this case visited Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University with a chief complaint of the emergence of mass on her upper lip. An excisional biopsy was carried out for a histological examination and sebaceous gland was observed in the cyst wall. The lesion was diagnosed as dermoid cyst. Dermoid cyst does not recur if complete excision is accomplished.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.464-474
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• 2009

To distalize the maxillary molars, the traditional techniques such as extra-oral traction, Wilson distalizing arches, removable spring appliances and Schwarz plate-type appliances have been used. But, these need considerable patient cooperation. For minimal patient compliance, many practitioners use the pendulum appliances. Several clinical studies demonstrated pendulum is effective molar distalization appliance in the growing patient(using the premolars and the palate as anchorage). But unfortunately, maxillary anterior teeth also shift mesially as the molar moves distally. As a result anchorage loss is occurred. To overcome these disadvantages, we used bone-supported pendulum, combined the conventional pendulum with Skeletal Anchorage System(SAS). The miniscrew was implanted in the anterior paramedian region of the median palatal suture, which has comparatively sufficient bone thickness and is low risk to damage on the dental follicles. We report three cases, using bone-supported pendulum for the maxillary molar distalization in children. After treatment, we find out anchorage stability, minimal unfavorable anterior tooth movement and sufficient molar distalization.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

The dermal papilla cells (DPCs) of hair follicles are known to secrete paracrine factors for follicular cells. Shotgun proteomic analysis was performed to compare the expression profiles of the secretomes of human DPCs and dermal fibroblasts (DFs). In this study, the proteins secreted by DPCs and matched DFs were analyzed by 1DE/LTQ FTICR MS/MS, semi-quantitatively determined using emPAI mole percent values and then characterized using protein interaction network analysis. Among the 1,271 and 1,188 proteins identified in DFs and DPCs, respectively, 1,529 were further analyzed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool. We identified 28 DPC-specific extracellular matrix proteins including transporters (ECM1, A2M), enzymes (LOX, PON2), and peptidases (C3, C1R). The biochemically-validated DPC-specific proteins included thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), an insulin-like growth factor binding protein3 (IGFBP3), and, of particular interest, an integrin beta1 subunit (ITGB1) as a key network core protein. Using the shotgun proteomic technique and network analysis, we selected ITGB1, IGFBP3, and THBS1 as being possible hair-growth modulating protein biomarkers.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hair growth effects of a natural herbal ethanol extract, Samhwang-Sasimtang(SS). In case of antioxidant ability of SS, the content of phenolic compounds was 28.44mg/g. The extract showed strong electron donating ability and free radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner. SOD-like activity also rose through increasing the concentrations of SS. In order to estimate the hair growth effects, the extract was applied to the back of seven-week-old C57BL/6 male mice ($150{\mu}{\ell}$ a day, five days a week, for four weeks) in four groups (C, control, saline; PC, positive control, 3% minoxidil; E1, experimental 1, 1% SS; E2, experimental 2, 2% SS). Ten mice were assigned to each group and five mice in each group were sacrificed at weeks 2 and 4, respectively. There was no a significant difference in body weight change among experimental groups. In macroscopic observation of hair growth at week 4, the scores of hair growth on the backs of mice were 80, 60, 40 and 20% in the PC, E2, E1 and C groups. In terms of histological observation, the ratio and thickness of hair follicles, the enzyme activities of ALP and ${\gamma}$-GT, immunohistological examination of IGF-1 and VEGF which are the hair growth factors, in each group were significantly high in this order: PC, E2, E1 and C group, at week 4. Meanwhile, hair growth inhibition factors, TGF-${\beta}1$ and Caspase-3, were reduced in PC, E1 and E2 groups compared with C group. These results indicate that SS extract may be effective in promoting hair growth, and suggest that it can be used practically as a superior natural agent for hair growth promotion.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.732-739
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of spermatozoa into the culture medium could influence the nuclear maturation of denuded porcine germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes in vitro. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from follicles of 3 to 5 mm in diameter, The cumulus and corona cells were removed from oocytes. Porcine denuded oocytes were cultured in tissue culture medium containing spermatozoa. After 48 h culture, oocytes were examined for the evidence of GV breakdown, metaphase I, anaphase-telophase I, and metaphase II (M II). The proportion of oocytes reaching M II stage was significantly (P<0.01) increased in the oocytes cultured in media containing spermatozoa compared to those in media without spermatozoa $(31.9\pm1.8%\; vs\; 14.9\pm1.0%)$.No differences in the rates of M II were observed among the different period of spermatozoa exposure nor among the spermatozoa from different species. The proportion of oocytes reaching M II stage was significantly different between high and low concentrations of spermatozoa. The present study suggests that mammalian spermatozoa contain a substance(s) that improves nuclear maturation in vitro of GV oocytes. Enhancing effect of spermatozoa for oocytes maturation in vitro is a highly dose-dependent.