• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.71
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• pp.277-303
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• 2022

The COVID-19 Pandemic, which began in 2020, has led to many changes in the Korean church. It created a situation in which not only the change and form of worship time, but also the definition, direction, and philosophy of ministry had to be re-established. In the early days of COVID-19 Pandemic, the Korean church recognized this as a crisis, but gradually regarded these as opportunities and tried to produce positive results. The Department of Education has also undergone many changes, especially in its summer ministry, and is expected to have undergone more dramatic changes in form, location and method than in any other church event or service. However, no accurate data on this has been collected. Accordingly, Mirae with Dreams (CEO: Pastor Kim Eun-ho), a corporation established by the Oryun Church for the next generation of ministry, conducted a survey on the summer ministry of the Korean church, which has been registered as a future member with dreams every year since 2020 when the COVID-19 fan dummy began. A similar survey was conducted in 2022 following 2021, and 260 churches responded, and the results are as follows. In 2022, the summer ministry of the Ministry of Education of the Korean Church returned to the form before the COVID-19 Pandemic. Unlike 2021, when many of them were held online, more than 81 percent said they had conducted summer camps offline, and 31 percent also conducted or attended outdoor camps. In terms of the importance of roles, when online was also the main focus, parents and teachers were equally viewed or emphasized, while in this summer's survey, 90 percent of respondents said that the role of teachers in charge or department was important. Summer events were mainly summer Bible schools and retreats, but 25% of all respondents said they conducted missionary work and evangelism at home and abroad. Compared to 2021, participation in summer camps has increased in all departments, including infant and kindergarten, elementary and middle school, and especially in infant and middle school. While preparing for the summer camp, most of the respondents said that the focus was on content and topics, and the main focus was on children's accessibility compared to 2021. As a result of synthesizing the description of the reason for the respondents who could not conduct the summer camp, about 40% said they could not conduct the summer camp due to a lack of volunteers. This is more than 30% who pointed out COVID-19 as the cause, which can be seen as an urgent problem to be solved at the Korean church and denomination level. In addition, this paper also mentioned detailed changes in each question, referring to the changes in summer camps from 2020 to 2022.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.827-834
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• 2020

Damage of tungsten due to helium ions of a PF device was studied. The tungsten was analyzed by SEM and AFM after irradiation. SEM revealed fine bubbles of helium atoms with diameters of a few nanometers, which join and form larger bubbles and blisters on the surface of tungsten. This observation confirmed the results of molecular dynamics simulation. SEM analysis after etching of the irradiated surface indicated cavities with depth range of 35-85 nm. The average fluence of helium ion of the PF device was calculated about 5.2 × 10¹⁵ cm^-2 per shot, using Lee code. Energy spectrum of helium ions was estimated using a Thomson parabola spectrometer as a function of dN/dE ∝ E^-2.8 in the energy range of 10-200 keV. The characteristics of helium ion beam was imported to SRIM code. SRIM revealed that the maximum DPA and maximum helium concentration occur in the depth range of 20-50 nm. SRIM also showed that at depth of 30 nm, all of the tungsten atoms are displaced after 20 shots, while at depth of higher than 85 nm the destruction is insignificant. There is a close match between SRIM results and the measured depths of cavities in SEM images of tungsten after etching.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.189-201
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• 2007

Contemporary young people reveal their own personal values through the fashion that creates visual looks. Since 2000s began, young generations who are self-centered, value their own personality and constantly seek for changes form the main axis of fashion. In particular, the lower half of the body that has begun to be exposed outward has become the region that they want to expose as more ideal region than the upper half of the body. Further, young generations always have interest in fashion, and female college students in their early 20s are regarded as the group that values the aspects of pleasure that involve clothes and tends to seek sensibility when purchasing clothes. With this background, this study aims to examine how the styles that apply to modern fashion and recent vogues are evaluated with a focus on skinny jean from jean pants styles preferred by female college students. Materials regarding theoretical background and photos were collected from fashion related magazines at home and abroad and from the Internet websites. Questionnaires were surveyed for 160 female college students aged 20 or 25 who live in Seoul, and the results show as follows: Many female college students enjoy skinny jean and follow the fashion. However there are consumers who cling to their own styles even in the fashion of skinny jen. Ironically, some consumers wear it although they consider it as an item that does not fit Koreans: they tend to consider perspectives from others rather than their own preferences. For example, they wear it in order to show it to their boy friends or because they want themselves to look slim. In addition consumers seem to use Dongdaemun Shopping Mall or Internet shopping malls that provide various and low-priced items rather than to use high-priced famous products. It is considered that this result is shown as above because the scope of the study was restricted to female college students in their 20s. Accordingly, it is suggested that further studies should extend their subjects to wider range of ages.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2021

This study aims to identify what kind of epistemological resources were activated in unproductive and productive practice by students participating in scientific argumentation, and to explore which contexts result in changes in argumentative practice. We collected transcriptions of participants' argumentative lessons and interview, participants' work sheets, and researchers' field notes. The analysis revealed that the focus group activated different kinds of epistemological resources depending on their practice; propagated, belief, and accumulation in unproductive practice and constructed, understanding, accumulation, formation and rebuttal in productive practice. We found two contextual cues that led to these changes; unfamiliar form of argumentative task was provided and emotional, epistemic, and conceptual support of the epistemic authority. This work can be provided as additional case studies to analyze changes in practice according to learner context-dependent epistemology, and we expect to contribute to discussions of productive epistemology and stabilization for students' authentic science engagement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.7 s.107
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• pp.126-141
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• 2006

Clothes and human body are inseparably related. Aesthetic consciousness of the body determines the form of clothing, reflecting the time and culture as well as the individual and society. Clothes can even reorganize the meaning of the body, while transcending their instrumental functions of protecting, expanding and deforming the body. Using 'body' to analyze the clothing farm, my study develops a framework by which to classify the representation of the body in fashion focusing on the representation of physicality. In order to inquire the formative style and aesthetic values expressed in representing body in fashion, my study examines subjects from the 14th century European costumes to fashion collections of the 20th century. In fashion, representation of the body is visually analogous to the ideal body shape and structure, including a realistic presentation of the body as well as reflection of aesthetic ideals. Representation of physicality refers to structural designs and elastic fabrication. Structural designs appeared in tailoring and bias-cut draping, as well as in stretchy clothes such as Lycra body suit and knit garments that highlights the body structure and movements of the body joints. In representing physicality in fashion, clothing forms reflect body silhouette and each body parts. Therefore, the shape of clothes (signifiant) corresponds to the anatomy and movement of the body ($signifi\'{e}$) in pursuit of aptness. Aesthetic ideal of the body is visualized in the form of a dress. Some clothes prioritize the body, particularly the feminine bodily curves, while others focus on the clothing itself as abstract and sculptural forms. Fashion continues to explore forms and images that transcend the traditional representations of the clothed body. As a type of intimate architecture, fashion always mediates the dialogue between clothes and body, or fashion and figure. My study suggests a framework to analyze bodily representation in fashion, focusing on the relationship between the clothes and body.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

Grouting works in fractured rocks have been performed to reinforce the underground and/or to block ground water flow at the foundation site of dam, bridge and so on. For the efficient grouting design, a prior knowledge of the fracture pattern of underground area to be grouted in very important. For the practical use, aperture sizes of open fractures that will be filled up with grouting materials will be kind of valuable information. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to develop a new technique (so called "GenFT") enable to form a three dimensional image of fracture aperture density distribution from Televiewer data. For this, the study is to focus on dealing with (1) estimating aperture size of each fracture automatically from Televiewer time image, (2) mapping extension of fracture planes on a given section, (3) evaluating aperture density distribution on the section by using both aperture size and fracture face mapping result of each fracture, (4) developing an algorithm that can transfer the previous results to any arbitrary(vertical and/or horizontal) section around the borehole. Since 3D imaging means "a strategy used to form an image of arbitrarily subdivided 2D sections with aperture density distribution", it will help avoid ambiguities of fracture pattern interpretation and hence will be of practical use not only for the design and assessment of grouting works but also for various engineering works. Examples of fields experiments are illustrated. It would seem that this technique might lead to reflecting future trend in underground survey.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.37-52
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• 2007

This research developed maternity wear designed with a focus on the essential functions necessary for working women and adaptable to their body changes during pregnancy. Through Martin's anthropometry for 201 pregnant women, the size specifications for maternity wear was determined and a dress form was proposed, in order to provide the manufacturer with reference data and a prototype to verify their products' fit and suitability. From a monthly analysis on the body measurements of pregnant women, significant monthly differences and after pregnancy were found in weight, chest girth, bust girth, under bust girth, waist girth, and hip girth. Dress form was designed based on the average body measurements of women in their 6th to 10th month of pregnancy. The standard dimensions in the 8th month were 90cm (chest), 94cm (bust), 86cm (under bust), 97cm(waist: most protruding part on the side), and 99cm (hip). Compared with Japan's MAT-9 (for nine months), chest girth was the same, while the Korean waist girth and hip girth were larger by 2cm and 3cm, respectively. The woven fabric blouse was evaluated as having the best appearance, while the knitted fabric one was judged as being more comfortable it terms of functionality. For the pants, the design details of the lowered waist and curved waist belt were more functional. The tailored jacket was the best design for working women in terms of both looks and functionality. To summarize, maternity wear for working women, unlike general maternity clothes, should be designed with consideration for the wearer's somatotype and activity. Elastic materials were appropriate for functionality and dealing with physical changes. With the increasing of working pregnant women, such trials are expected to continue in this research area in order to develop functional maternity wear with multi-purposes such as breast-feeding, wearability after delivery and shielding from microwave.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.4 s.40
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• pp.89-105
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• 2004

This paper investigates morphological theory as an intellectual framework for research and design. The first part of the paper will review morphological studies in the fields of urban geography, urban planning and architecture, particularly in England from the 1940s to the 1980s. While urban geographers and planners were concerned primarily with town plans, building forms and land use, architectural theoreticians were more interested in the topological relationship between urban and architectural space. The underlying premises and principles of these two approaches will be reviewed. The second part of the paper will focus on typology in Europe and North America. The reinterpretation of typology by Italian architects helped to bridge the gap between individual elements of architecture and the overall form of the city. However, typological theory became less accessible in post-war England and the United States. After 1980, the debate on typology became muted by the onset of vague notions such as functionalism, bio-technical determinism, and contextualism. This paper will propose a redefinition of morphology as a heuristic device, in contrast with the dichotomic view of urban morphology and architectural typology. Morphology will be shown to combine the geometrical and topological; the intentional and accidental; the real and abstract; and a priori and a posteriori. The last part of the paper discusses the lack of comparative theories and methods surrounding the physical form of architecture and the city by Korea commentators. Empirically rooted facility planning, non-comparative historical studies, and iconographic criticism emerged as a central preoccupation of architectural culture between the 1960s and 1980s, a time when international debate on architecture and urbanism was most intense. This paper will give consideration to the built environment as a dynamic physical entity and space as an epiphenomenon of daily urban life, such that collaboration between urban designers, architects, and landscape architects is seen as both beneficial and necessary.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.293-324
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the report assessment patterns of international undergraduate students and instructors. Based on two sample reports, the following differences were confirmed between international students and instructors' assessments of reports. First, instructors and students showed no differences in their assessments of the well-formatted report. However, the two groups exhibited differences in their assessments of the report that was not well formatted in that students evaluated the report more highly than instructors did. Second, instructors and students exhibited notable differences in their assessments of items such as citation, logic, and expression. This may have been because students lacked knowledge on citation methods and the use of grounds for arguments based on citation methods and topics. Third, students and instructors showed differences in their areas of focus when evaluating reports. Instructors mostly focused on the main topics of each report, whereas students focused on supporting details for the main topics. Based on these findings, instructors need to emphasize the following areas in educating international undergraduate students on report writing. First, they should stress proper source citation. They should provide frequent guidance on how to accurately cite sources. Second, they should help students to first think about the overall form and content of their reports. Instructors should emphasize that having a logical overall report structure and content that is relevant to the subject is more important in general than grammar or accuracy of vocabulary.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.453-472
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• 2016

As globalization is widely expanded in Islamic world as well as huge capital like oil-money is looking for new investment areas, our government should keep eyes on the current situation of Muslim market. This study will focus on the research of operation model of Islamic insurance. It will analysis on the institutional aspects of Islamic insurance(Takaful) system, which is a step further on the basis of these previous researches about Islamic finance. Takaful is conducted with various machanism such as Wakala, Mudarabah, Waqf. The mechanism can also be intermingled with one another to form other diverse contracts. However most of them are focused on basic conceptual elements of Islamic insurance system. As public interests in Islamic insurance are increasing these days, many Islam related literatures are issued accordingly. But most of them were focused on basic aspect of Islamic financial system or on the study of business management structure. The conceptual approach to evaluate the Islamic insurance market shall become the foundation of operation in conventional business law and regulation penetrate to the Islamic business environment. Therefore, the research of the operation model in Islamic insurance system as well as the search of trade engineering basis.