• 펄프종이기술
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• 제37권4호통권112호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.924-937
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• 2015

This study surveyed the recognition and credibility of infant's organic cotton apparel and examined the current quality of children's organic cotton clothes available in the market. This study contributes to improve fabric certification programs and safety standards by understanding customer opinions and actual quality. A customer survey revealed that customers believe that organic cotton products should not include chemicals such as pesticides, fluorescent whitening agents and chemical colors; in addition, customers have high expectations for safety as well as worries about the products' validity. Children's underwear was the most purchased item category among organic cotton products. Current organic cotton certification programs are voluntary with multiple organizations that provide various certification standards. A total of 34.2% of children's organic cotton clothes sold at online and offline stores were not certified, and 10.5% had invalid certification information. This may substantially lower the credibility of organic cotton products and requires immediate change. Examination of organic cotton products showed that products do not meet customer expectations for quality and safety: 3 out of 8 products used accessories (buttons and wappens) that include harmful chemicals such as lead, phthalate and formaldehyde, 6 products used fluorescent whitening agents, and 4 products used other fabrics such as rayon, polyurethane and polyester. GOTS mark is the most recognized organic certification, but it still allows the usage of fluorescent whitening agents, which indicates a gap between customer opinions and actual certification standards. Managing national-level mandatory certification programs like food and setting quality standards that meets customer expectations are required to enhance the credibility of organic cotton products.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of different factors on the migration of a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) from paper treated with FWAs to non-fluorescent papers. FWA migration experiments were carried out in vertical and friction contacts between the papers dyed with FWAs and non-fluorescent papers. During the experiments, we identified the effects of the addition and types of FWAs, contact time, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) on FWA migration. The fluorescence indices of the non-fluorescent papers were measured before and after the migration experiments, and the Student's t test, a statistical tool, was utilized to compare results from different migration experiments. In vertical contact experiments, FWA migration to non-fluorescent paper was observed at $30^{\circ}C$ and 70% RH; this was attributed to the high moisture content of the paper. FWA migration did not occur significantly at $23^{\circ}C$ and 50% RH. In the friction contact experiments, FWA migrations were identified at both temperature conditions and RH percentages. The addition and types of FWAs did not increase the fluorescence index of non-fluorescent papers. Therefore, it was concluded that the moisture content of paper and the friction contact affected FWA migration from the papers containing internal and surface FWAs.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2014

This study analyzed the effects of specific factors on the fluorescence index of the fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) that is used for internal addition. The specific factors were identified by the literature review, and a statistical survey was carried out to analyze the effects of those factors on the fluorescence index. Bulk, grammage, fillers and internal sizing agents were selected as the specific factors. The paper samples were prepared with internal FWA in a laboratory. The fluorescence indices of the model papers were measured, and p-values of the specific factors on the fluorescence index were calculated by the SPSS program. Most of p-values were greater than 0.05, so the specific factors do not have a significant impact on the internal FWA fluorescence index.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2004년도 추계학술발표집
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• pp.100-105
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• 2004

The difference of whiteness, brightness and lightness was clearly explained in this paper through the use of a tinting dye and a fluorescent whitening agent which are commercially wide]y used to make paper look whiter. Other optical properties such as tint, color shade, and color difference were also discussed. It was suggested that in comparing two tinting dyes, lightness $(L^*)$ is the most important property to be compared, while whiteness data should be used in caution in order not to surpass its significant range, and $a^*,\;b^*$ values can also be used to see the change of color shades together with ${\Delta}E$ as color difference. In comparing two fluorescent whitening agents, whiteness or brightness values are most important to be compared, but lightness values are not suitable fur this purpose; $a^*,\;b^*$ and color difference ${\Delta}E$ can also be referred, but with less significance.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

In this study, effluent water was produced through Submerged Membrane Bio-Reactor(SMBR) process, which is a simple system and decomposes organic matter contained in wastewater with biological treatment process and performs solid-liquid separation, Especially, ozone oxidation treatment process is applied to effluent water containing fluorescent whitening agent, which is a trace pollutant which is not removed by biological treatment, and influences the quality of reused water. The concentration of $COD_{Cr}$ in the SMBR was $449.3mg/{\ell}-COD_{Cr}$, and the concentration of permeate water was $100.3mg/{\ell}-COD_{Cr}$. The removal efficiency was about 70.1%. The amount of ozone required for the removal of the fluorescent whitening agent in the permeated water in SMBR was $6.67g-O_3/min$, and the amount of ozone required to remove $COD_{Mn}$ relative to the permeate water was calculated to remove $0.997mg-COD_{Mn}$ for 1mg of $O_3$.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.254-259
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• 2006

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2005년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.147-153
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• 2005

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.123-123
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• 2006

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2005년도 춘계학술발표논문집
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• pp.233-239
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• 2005