• 한국안전학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2013

As the feature of fire, it is hard for deep-seated fire to spread to the deeper site, and it also has danger for being re-ignited cause of recontacting with oxygen after being put off. Now it is ruled in the certification criteria of wetting agent used for extinguishing deep-seated fire that the criteria for surface tension is below 33[mN/m] in Korea. For figuring out how much water for fire-fighiting can permeate into combustibles, in this research, the permeating performance is analyzed by measuring the speed of permeating and transmission quantity released after that, by pouring solution whose surface tension is changed by adjusting concentration of surfactant BDG(Butyl Di Glycol) in column From this result, it is can be determined that transmission quantity becomes less and wet area goes wider as surface tension is lower, and it is also able to be analyzed as quantity of absorbed liquid and wet area is increased because fluid permeates into the core.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

Effects of sealant and sealing procedure on corrosion resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed coatings were studied. HVOF-sprayed CrC-20NiCr coatings were sealed using three commercial sealants based on phenolics and epoxy. Penetration depth of sealants, measured by fluorescent microscope technique, was between $19{\mu}m$ and $340{\mu}m$ depending on sealant, sealing condition or sealing procedure. It was found that sealing on rotation status was more effective than that on stationary specimen due to the Coriolis effect of fluid in pores of the coating. From the CASS results, corrosion resistance of properly sealed CrC-20NiCr coatings was equal to that of hexa-valent chromium plating.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 1th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.814-819
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• 2005

There is growing consciousness of the environmental performance of buildings in Hong Kong. The Buildings Department, the Lands Department and the Planning Department of the Hong Kong Government issued the first of a series of joint practice notes [1] to promote the construction of green and innovative buildings. Green features are architectural features used to mitigate migration of noise and various air-borne pollutants and to moderate the transport of heat, air and transmission of daylight from outside to indoor environment in an advantageous way. This joint practice note sets out the incentives to encourage the industry in Hong Kong to incorporate the use of green features in building development. The use of green features in building design not only improves the environmental quality, but also reduces the consumption of non-renewable energy used in active control of indoor environment. Larger window openings in the walls of a building may provide better natural ventilation. However, it also increases the penetration of direct solar radiation into indoor environment. The use of wing wall, one of the green features, is an alternative to create effective natural ventilation. This paper therefore presents a preliminary numerical study of its ventilation performance using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The numerical results will be compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments of Givoni.

• 센서학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.418-424
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• 2023

Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in combating infections and tumors. However, their therapeutic application in solid tumors is hindered by challenges, such as limited lifespan, tumor penetration, and delivery precision. Our research introduces a novel ultrasonic actuation technique to navigate NK cells more effectively in the vascular system, particularly at vessel bifurcations where targeted delivery is most problematic. We use a hemispherical ultrasonic transducer array that generates phase-modulated traveling waves, focusing on an ultrasound beam to steer NK cells using blood-flow dynamics and a focused acoustic field. This method enables the precise obstruction of non-target vessels and efficiently directs NK cells toward the tumor site. The simulation results offer insights into the behavior of NK cells under various conditions of cell size, radiation pressure, and fluid velocity, which inform the optimization of their trajectories and increase targeting efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this ultrasonic approach for enhancing NK cell targeting, suggesting a potential leap forward in solid tumor immunotherapy. This study represents a significant step in NK cell therapeutic strategies, offering a viable solution to the existing limitations and promising enhancement of the efficacy of cancer treatments.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.678-686
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 내경 0.3 m, 높이 2.4 m인 기-고 유동층 반응기 내에서 수직 방향의 내부 구조물과 shroud 노즐 분산판이 기포 흐름에 미치는 영향을 CPFD (Computational Particle-Fluid Dynamics)를 이용하여 모델링을 수행하였다. 층 물질로는 Metal-grade 실리콘 입자(MG-Si)가 사용되었으며 $d_p=149{\mu}m$, ${\rho}_p=2,325kg/m^3$, $U_{mf}=0.02m/s$이다. 전체 층물질의 양은 75 kg이며 정적층(static bed) 높이는 0.8 m이다. 수직 내부 구조물이 기포 상승속도에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 내부 구조물이 분산판으로부터 0.45 m 높이에 설치되었을 때 기포의 분쇄가 일어났다. 유동층의 압력강하 및 수직 고체체류량 분포는 내부 구조물의 영향을 크게 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 내부 구조물이 제트에 너무 가까운 경우 기포가 분쇄되지 않고 내부 구조물을 우회하여 상승하였으며 내부 구조물이 없는 경우나 0.45 m 높이에 설치된 경우에 비해 더 빠른 속도로 상승하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2000

Objective: Zona pellucida (ZP) has been thought to be the barrier of egg to sperm penetration before and after fertilization. The phenomenon of ZP hardening has been considered as a post-fertilization event until now, and it is generally accepted that it is caused by the secretory products of cortical granules released during the cortical reaction. Hardening of ZP could occur "spontaneously" in mammalian oocytes in standard culture conditions, and that it is probably not a consequence of cortical reaction. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of human amniotic fluid (HAF) on nuclear maturation (NM) and fertilization ability of mouse immature oocytes. Methods: HAF was obtained from patients undergoing amniocentesis at $16{\sim}20$ weeks of gestation. HAF from five to ten patients was centrifuged and the supernatants was pooled. Cumulusenclosed mouse immature oocytes were incubated in the medium containing HAF, and examined to confirm NM and fertilization. Female ICR mice (about 3 weeks old) were stimulated with 7.5 IU PMSG. Immature oocytes were isolated at $48{\sim}52$ hrs post PMSG injection and cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with 20% HAF for 18 hrs. FBS was used as a control for the examination. Matured oocytes (MII) were fertilized with sperms collected from the epididymis of male mice (over 10 weeks old). Fertilization was in conducted T6 medium containing 15 mg/ml BSA, and confirmed at 6 hrs post-insemination. Fertilization rate was assessed in zona-intact or zona-free oocytes (denuded by trypsin). Evaluation of NM and fertilization was carried out by rapid staining method. ZP hardening was evaluated by incubating cumulus cell-free mature oocytes in 0.001% chymotrypsin at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. Results: There was no significant difference between the effects of HAF (86.6%) and FBS (87.7%) supplements on NM of immature oocytes. When maturation medium was supplemented with HAF, total fertilization rates (7%) were significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of FBS (85.1%). In HAF group, fertilization rate was increased (p<0.01) in zona-free oocytes (7% versus 100%). The resistance of mouse oocyte ZP to digestion by chymotrypsin after maturation in vitro was significantly higher (p<0.01) in HAF group (86.7%) than in FBS (6.7%). To culture oocytes in FBS were very effective in preventing ZP hardening. However cultured oocytes in HAF showed high rate of ZP hardening (p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that HAF can be used as a supplement for the NM of mouse immature oocytes in vitro. However, HAF induces spontaneous hardening of ZP of mouse immaure oocytes during maturation in vitro.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2023

해당 연구의 목적은 비파괴 탐사 기법의 일환인 전기비저항 탐사 방법을 활용하여 동결 지반의 거동을 평가하는 것으로, 현장 실험을 통해 그 특성을 살펴보았다. 현장 실험은 동결된 상태를 가속화하기 위하여 유체를 주입한 인위적인 동결 지반을 만들었으며, 결과를 비교하기 위하여 이와 근접한 지역에서 자연적으로 동결된 지반에도 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 전기비저항 탐사 외에 측정 값의 신뢰성을 비교할 수 있도록 동적 콘 관입 실험(Dynamic Cone Penetration Test)를 추가적으로 활용하였으며, 지반의 함수비도 평가하기 위해 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) 탐사도 수행하였다. 현장 실험은 대기 온도가 영하인 2월과 영상 조건을 보이는 5월에 각각 진행하였다. 전기비저항 탐사로 측정된 결과는 온도에 의존하는 경향이 있어 각 측정 값들은 온도 보상을 수행한 후 결과를 비교하였다. 측정 결과 동결 조건에서는 지반이 고체 특성을 보여 고비저항 구간이 다소 나타났으며 이를 간극률로 환산하였다. 환산된 간극률은 DCPT 결과로 유추한 간극률과 비교하여 신뢰성을 검증하였으며, 동결토에서 측정한 결과가 타당한 값으로 나타났다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1981

미생물(微生物)의 부착식(附着式) 성장(成長)을 이용(利用)한 폐수처리(廢水處理)의 이해(理解)를 돕기 위해 미생물막모형(微生物膜模型)을 정립(定立)하고 이의 simulation을 통하여 처리효율(處理効率)과 각종(各種) parameter 사이의 관계(關係)를 살펴보았다. 미생물막모형(微生物膜模型)은 기질(基質)의 침투정도(浸透程度)에 따라 두꺼운 막(膜)과 얇은 막(膜)으로 구분(區分)하고 각(各) 경우(境遇)에 대하여 미생물막내부(微生物膜內部)에서의 기질농도(基質濃度)와 flux를 산정(算定)할 수 있게 구성(構成)되어 있다. 모형(模型)의 정립과정(定立過程)에서 얻어진 무차원상수(無次元常數)인 ${\phi}_1$, ${\phi}_2$, 그리고 $\bar{S}_b$에 의해 기질농도(基質濃度)와 flux가 결정(決定)될 수 있음을 알았으며, ${\phi}_1$의 증가(增加)나 ${\phi}_2$의 감소(減少)에 의해 처리효율(處理効率)이 증가(增加)함을 알 수 있다. 또한 높은 처리효율(處理効率)을 유지(維持)하는 system은 모두 두꺼운 막(膜)에 속하는 것을 알 수 있다. 미생물막표면(微生物膜表面) 근처에서의 유속(流速)을 증가(增加)시킴으로써 두께가 일정(一定)한 막(膜)에 있어서 처리효율(處理効率)을 증가(增加)시킬 수 있다. 하지만 유속(流速)의 증가(增加)로 인해 sloughing이 많아져서 막(膜)의 두께가 감소(減少)하여 새로운 정상상태(定常狀態)로 바뀌게 된다. 현재(現在)까지 유속(流速)과 미생물막(微生物膜)두께사이의 관계(關係)가 정량적(定量的)으로 규명(糾明)되지 못하고 있으므로 새로운 정상상태(定常狀態)에서의 효율(効率)은 명백히 규정지을 수 없다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.239-249
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• 2002

Embryos derived from pig oocytes matured in mSOF are able to develop to blastocysts after IVF. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of two maturation media (TCM-199 vs mSOF) on maturation rate, fertilization parameters, including penetration, polyspermy, male pronuclear formation, and the mean number of sperm penetrated per oocyte. Experiment 2 and Experiments 3 examined the effects of two maturation media on zona pellucida solubility and cortical granule distribution by transmissible electron microscopy, respectively. Experiment 4 assessed the effects of two maturation media on the in vitro embryo cleavage rate and development to blastocyst. Lastly, experiment 5 examined the cell number of blastocyst. An effect of media (P<0.05) was detected for mSOF on the mean number of sperm per oocyte. In TCM group, zona digestion time (196.5$\pm$15.5 vs 131.6$\pm$20.1 before IVF, 397.5$\pm$30.3s vs 185.3$\pm$16.4s after IVF, p<0.05) was higher in TCM-199 group. No significant effects of media was observed on cortical granule distribution between two groups by TEM. An effect (P<0.05) was observed on embryo development to blastocyst (16% vs 8%) but not on cleavage rates. No significant effects of media was observed on total cell number of blastocyst. We found that the high mean number of sperm penetrated per oocyte and the weaker zona pellucida on the basis of the digestion time was shown in pig oocytes matured in mSOF, however, porcine oocyte maturation with supplemented synthetic oviduct fluid medium (mSOF) resulted in blastocyst cell numbers comparable to those observed with Tissue Culture Medium 199.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

디젤기관은 세계적으로 연료의 경제성 때문에 사용이 증가할 것이다. 그러나 NOx, 매연 등과 같은 배기가스를 배출한다. 본 연구는 커먼레일 연료분사 시스템에서, 연료온도, 분사 압력, 분사시간, 연료 점성에 따른 분무 특성을 실험하였다. 커먼레일 시스템에서, 디젤 연료는 분사 압력, 분사 시간에 따라 분무 형상이 다르다. 필터 압력은 연료 유동과 관련이 있는 연료 점성을 변화시키는 연료 온도에 영향을 받는다. 분무와 무화특성에 미치는 바이오 디젤 연료의 혼합율의 영향에 대해 많은 실험 조건에서 실험하였다. 바이오디젤 연료의 미립화 특성은 바이오 디젤 혼합비율이 증가하면 높은 점성 때문에 악화되는 것을 알았다.