• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.156-160
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the hypotensive properties of the extract of Chinese balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum)'s root. In the studies for calcium channel-blocking using Xenopus oocytes, the ethanol-extract ($26.2{\pm}5.2%$) showed higher activity than water-extract. Twenty female rats were fed 25, 35, and 45 mg/kg BW/day of the ethanol-extract for 14 days to observe the changes in blood pressures and heart pulses. Ethanol-extract decreased the systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures of the rats. Especially, the rats fed with 45 mg/kg BW/day of the ethanol-extract showed significant decreases in the blood pressures. These results suggested that a decrease in blood pressures was due to the extension of a blood vessel with calcium channel-blocking by ethanol-extract of Chinese balloon flower. Forty %-ethanol showed the highest efficiency for ethanol-extraction of Chinese balloon flower.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.112-129
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• 2019

This study investigates the influence and implications of the supervised process of production of flower vessels (花器) in 1411. The type, the production method, and the purpose of flower vessels (花器) were determined based on the workshops appearing in King Sejong-Sillok, Chiriji ("世宗實錄" "地理志") and Gyeongsang-do Chiriji ("慶尙道地理志"), considering articles excavated from Sangju kiln sites. In addition, the implications and the starting point of production of flower vessels (花器) in the Joseon Dynasty were identified. During the Joseon Dynasty, an effort was made to reorganize the government offices, to align ritual systems in the early 15th century. Preparation for rituals, preparation of supplemental utensils used in ancestral rites (祭器), the construction of architecture related to the Royal Family, and the production of weaponry (武器) were supervised. In 1411, flower vessels (花器) had a preferred supervised process of production as well, which means being recognized as a subject of maintenance for the Joseon Dynasty's aims. Flower vessels (花器) had been produced using grayish-blue powdered celadon (粉靑沙器) as flower pots (花盆), and as celadon flower pot-support (花臺), at Sangju kiln sites in particular, since 1411. Interestingly, products had been manufactured in royal kilns as well as in a few other kilns similar to the supervised process of production of flower vessels (花器) in the middle of the 15th century. It means that this effected the Gyeon-yang (見樣) supervised process of flower vessel (花器) production in 1411. At that time, the Joseon Dynasty used Gyeon-yang (見樣) for imperial gifts for the Ming Dynasty and on separate manufactured articles to ensure the standards of production. Gyeon-yang (見樣) affected the production of ceramic utensils used in ancestral rites (祭器), and government officials in Saongwon (司饔院) supervised the production of ceramics for the Royal Family year after year. In sum, it was flower vessels (花器) using Gyeon-yang (見樣) that provided precise production rules to supervise the process of production in 1411.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

The shoots of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) in vitro germinated from seeds were cultured on MS basal medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA under the various sucrose concentrations and with/without membrane filter (MF) on the lid of vessel. The growth responses were checked to obtain healthy plantlets. The $CO_2$ and $C_2$H$_4$ concentration in vessel without MF were higher than those with MF. The $CO_2$ concentration without MF was increased as days in culture went by whereas the $C_2$H$_4$ concentration was decreased. The plant growth with MF and high sucrose concentration was good. Fresh and dry weight of plantlets cultured in sucrose 4.5% with MF were higher than those in no sucrose without MF. Also the content of chlorophyll of plantlets cultured with MF was high and the content of sugar was shown a similar results and a remarkable difference between MF treatments, especially. Stomata cultured with MF was closer than that without MF and mesophyll of leaf were more developed with MF or in high sucrose concentration. When the plantlets were transplanted in the pot at 25$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$, 75% relative humidity and low PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density), the percentage of survival after 13 days without MF was 0% but it was 100% with MF regardless of sucrose concentrations.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.166-178
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• 2018

In this study, the principal objective was to investigate the effect of light quality and vessel ventilation on the growth and development, physiology, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and contents of mineral nutrients of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) 'Marble Beauty'. Single node cuttings stuck into the plant growth regulator (PGR)-free MS medium in containers covered with caps with or without a ventilation filter were cultured first four weeks under white and then additional four weeks under either white (control), blue, red, or red + blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) for 56 days. Interestingly, a ventilated culture condition not only reduced the percentage of the hyperhydricity, but also increased the total chlorophyll content (Chl a + Chl b) of the plantlets as compared to the non-ventilated condition. In addition, blue LEDs produced plantlets with the greatest number of shoots and red LEDs produced plantlets with the greatest shoot length. The quality of plantlets was improved under a ventilation condition. Besides, under a ventilated condition, red + blue LEDs raised APX activity, and blue LEDs not only raised the activity of the CAT, but also increased tissue contents of such elements as K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Fe. The red LEDs increased contents of B and Si under a ventilated condition, and Na accumulation under a non-ventilated condition. Thus, including blue or red LEDs as the light source in a ventilated culture condition will produce plantlets of carnation 'Marble Beauty' in vitro with improved quality.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

Shoots of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.) derived from in vitro germinated seeds were cultured on MS medium containing $0.1\;\cal{mg/L}$ NAA under various photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) 33, 66, and $99\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ with or without membrane filter. Number of air exchanges per hour (NAEH) of the culture vessel with membrane filter on the lid was $4.9 h^{-1}$ and that without membrane filter was $0.1 h^{-1}$ Plantlets grown in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH showed greater growth than in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. According to increase of PPF, plantlets growth decreased in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH while it increased in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH. At the same PPF, fresh weight and sugar content in plantlets in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH were above 1.9, 2.0 times higher than those in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH, respectively. Also they were enhanced in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH by increase of PPF whereas no significance in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. The percentage of water content of plantlets in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH was $4.2\~5.5\%$ lower than those in $0.1 h^{-1}$ and no difference in PPF. The content of total chlorophyll in plantlets in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH was higher $0.27\~0.79\;\cal{mg/g}$ F.W. than that in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. By increase of PPF, it was decreased in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH while had no significant difference in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH. Guard and subsidiary cells of leaves in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH were more developed than in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH. Especially, in $99\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ leaves in $0.1 h^{-1}$ NAEH had undeveloped subsidiary cells and wide open stomata whereas those in $4.9 h^{-1}$ NAEH had well-developed subsidiary cells.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.85-110
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• 2022

This study investigates the production and use, development of Buncheongsagisang-gamunryongmunho, focusing on Buncheong Jar with dragon and cloud patterns(龍樽) in the early the Joseon Dynasty. The Buncheong Jar with dragon and cloud patterns(龍樽) which is the size of a large bottle as high as 50cm is a form of stability to have gorgeous decorativeness with the inlaid and stamped pattern. The Buncheongsagisanggamunryongmunho is the Buncheong Jar with dragon and cloud patterns(龍樽) used for Flower Vessels(花樽) at Royal Ritual in King Sejong(世宗) era. In the 1420s and 1430s, made in Premium ceramic factory of Sangju-mok, it is Blue and white porcelain in reference to dragon and cloud patterns in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties in aspects of shapes and patterns, to the inlaid Celadon in the period of Late Goryeo Dynasty in aspects of patterns, and to Joseon porcelain in aspects of shapes and decoration techniques. The Joseon Royal family found out the appropriateness of the founding of the dynasty and the base for the system of civilization from Ming dynasty, to follow Ming dynasty by choosing white porcelains as the King's vessel. Jars passed down from Emperor Ming served as a standard for Royal Ritual Jars, to use Blue and White Porcelain Jar with dragon and cloud patterns as Flower Vessels(花樽) and Liquor Vessels(酒樽) for ages. Consequently, the Buncheong Jar with dragon and cloud patterns(龍樽) as Royal Ritual Jar had been used till 1430's when Blue and white porcelain Jar with dragon and cloud patterns(靑花雲龍白磁酒海) was passed down from Emperor Ming, Xuande Emperor(宣德帝), only to lose its Meaning and Use as the Royal Jar with dragon and cloud patterns(龍樽) during the early Joseon Period gradually.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of uniconazole treatment on the growth and flowering of potted Chrysanthemum indicum L. for high quality pot plant production. Uniconazole was drenched at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot at 14 days after planting (DAP) of rooted cuttings. Simultaneously the short-day treatment (SDT) and pinching were adapted. The same amount of uniconazole (0.05 mg a.i./pot) was spilt drenched at once, twice, and three times, respectively, at 1 week interval. Uniconazole markedly reduced plant height, branch length, and stem diameter. Plant height was reduced linearly with increasing uniconazole concentration at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot up-to 41.6%, 52.5%, and 58.5%, respectively. In 0.05 mg a.i./pot, the number of branches greatly increased and plant height of 22.6 cm was adequate for pot plant. However, higher concentrations (0.10, 0.15 mg a.i.) were not suitable for production of high quality pot plant (17.0, 14.8 cm, respectively). Pinching and SDT decreased the number of days to visible bud, while uniconazole treatments delayed days to visible bud by 5-9 days compared with pinching and SDT. Number of visible buds was highest at 0.05 mg a.i./pot uniconazole treatment. However, flower diameter was decreased by uniconazole treatment, resulting in compact form. Number of stomata was increased by uniconazole treatment. The length of vascular tissues of uniconazole-treated plants ($11.2{\mu}m$) was smaller than that of non-treated plants ($15.0{\mu}m$, and the size of xylem vessel was also decreased. Uniconazole treatment at 0.05 mg a.i./pot at 14 DAP with pinching and SDT were recommended for pot plant production of C. indicum L.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.190-217
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• 2012

This research has studied the building awareness of Nu-Jeong that a view of nature and aesthetic consciousness to unite the nature are inherent by considering Nu-Jeong of scholars who left fame and wealth behind and retired to hermitage in the backwoods in the 16~18 Century. This is to clarify correlation with leaving nature as it is, namely, an ideal state that scholars at the time would enjoy, through landscape awareness accepted into Nu-Jeong literature. In addition, this research has tracked the ideologic flow that acts on space formation by clarifying Korean unique meanings inherent to Nu-Jeong's cultural landscape. As a suggestion for this, the interpretation through 'Pungsu location Nu-Jeong name's analysis Nu-Jeong literature analysis', etc. was tried, so its integrated conclusion is as follows. It is not a chance that scholars of Joseon have left numerous literature works singing the nature. They already had huge interest and knowledge on the nature, and achieved active poetic exchange by sublimating the praise of nature as literature. Nu-Jeong, which was a place of exchange like this, had cleanliness of the nature and ideological purity as an oppositional space on turbid political realities. The Nu-Jeong literature drew the nature into a literature space as it is, without doing abstraction or ideation on the nature. The owner of Nu-Jeong exclusively possessed such natural landscape in grim and independent postures, so it provided a clue of Nu-Jeong cultural landscape that this research aimed to discuss. Scholars who aimed to raise wide and large vigor filled in between the sky and earth got to convince that people are born from the nature, grow in the nature and finally return to the nature. What people are born from the nature and finally return to the nature is just consistent with Taoistic and Zhua-ngzi thoughts denying human work, and leaving nature as it is or nature itself remained intact which is an ideal state. The construction at the time is a vessel containing the spirit of the times of the era. This thesis has proved that the Nu-Jeong culture of scholars located on the central line of Korean landscape was the flower of Joseon's scholar culture by interpreting it semantically.