• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.237-251
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the proposed hybrid teaching-learning based optimization algorithm on the optimum design of reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever retaining walls. For this purpose, three different design examples are optimized with 100 independent runs considering continuous and discrete variables. In order to determine the algorithm performance, the optimization results were compared with the outcomes of the nine powerful meta-heuristic algorithms applied to this problem, previously: the big bang-big crunch (BB-BC), the biogeography based optimization (BBO), the flower pollination (FPA), the grey wolf optimization (GWO), the harmony search (HS), the particle swarm optimization (PSO), the teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO), the jaya (JA), and Rao-3 algorithms. Moreover, Rao-1 and Rao-2 algorithms are applied to this design problem for the first time. The objective function is defined as minimizing the total material and labor costs including concrete, steel, and formwork per unit length of the cantilever retaining walls subjected to the requirements of the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-05). Furthermore, the effects of peak ground acceleration value on minimum total cost is investigated using various stem height, surcharge loads, and backfill slope angle. Finally, the most robust results were obtained by HTLBO with 50 populations. Consequently the optimization results show that, depending on the increase in PGA value, the optimum cost of RC cantilever retaining walls increases smoothly with the stem height but increases rapidly with the surcharge loads and backfill slope angle.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.223-230
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• 1982

To obtain the information on the germination and initial growth of the sesame, the seed of 6 sesame cultivars obtained from upper and lower position of plants were seeded and the results on the germination and initial growth were summarized as follows; 1. When the seeding time was delayed, the days to flower of all sesame cultivars were significantly decreased. And the shortening rate of days to flower by delaying seeding time showed significant differences among the sesame cultivars. 2. At all cultivars excluding IS 103, the germination percentage of the seeds obtained from lower position of sesame plant was significantly higher than those from upper position. 3. Germination percentage of IS 103 seeds from lower position of sesame plant was 20.0% at petri dish experiment and 75.0% at pot experiment and those from upper position of the stem was 17.0% at petri dish experiment and 72.5% at pot experiment, respectively. 4. The germination speed of all cultivars showed a same tendency as germination percentage, but the germination speed of cultivars at pot experiment was higher than those at petri dish experiment. 5. The sesame seedlings from lower position seed were increased in stem length, root length, leaf length and fresh weight than those from upper position seed. The germination percentage and the initial growth showed significant differences by the seed weight in same cultivar, however did not show any varietal differences.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.23-27
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• 2010

The control of stem length is most important external quality aspect in cut chrysanthemum. The present work in conducted in growth chamber and aims at investigating the effect of light intensity on the photosynthesis capacity and stem elongation in cut chrysanthemum. To evaluate the effect, different level of assimilation lighting (LEDs) was given to canopy level 60, 100, 140, and $180mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, individually, under short-day conditions, and the light treatments were initiated from 7days after planting. There was a positive linear-regression relationship between the light intensity and the net assimilation rate. On the other hand, there was not significant difference in flower buds induction. The growth of stem length, leaf area, and dry weight was increased by increasing the light intensity, whereas the plants grown under 140 and $180mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ was not differences in those of growth. It indicates that the increased net assimilation rate is not continually coincided with the maximized growth in cut chrysanthemum. It might be considered that the optimal light intensity for stem elongation of cut chrysanthemum is $140mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ under short-day condition.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1573-1581
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the effect of LED light quality and supplemental LED light on growth and flowering for potted flowering plant of Kalanchoe. 1. Plant height of Kalanchoe was enhanced under Red, regardless of treatment time. 2. Root length and stem diameter of Kalanchoe were enhanced by Red+Blue. 3. The number of internodes was not influenced by LED light quality. Length of flower stalk of Kalanchoe increased under Red+Blue, but treatment time did not result in statistically significant differences. 4. Leaf area was not influenced by LED light quality in Kalanchoe. 5. The number of flower buds and open flowers was decreased by LED light treatment, but days to flowering was reduced by Red+Blue for 4 hr after sunset in Kalanchoe. 6. Chlorophyll and anthocyanin content was not significantly affected by LED light treatment, but anthocyanin content tended to increase by Blue 4 hr after sunset. 7. Fresh and dry weight did not increased by LED light treatment in Kalanchoe.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.163-171
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• 2016

We investigated the intensity and pattern of the scent produced by diploid and tetraploid Cymbidium flowers, using an electronic nose with 6 metal oxide sensors (MOS). The MOS responses were evaluated by principal component analysis, discriminant function analysis, and sensor data. These analyses revealed that tetraploid flowers had a stronger scent than diploid flowers in Cymbidium Golden Elf 'Sundust'. Furthermore, among the different flower parts-column, lip, and petals-the column produced the strongest scent. There was no significant difference between the flowering periods of diploid and tetraploid potted Cymbidium Golden Elf 'Sundust' and Cymbidium Elma 'Orient Toyo' grown in a greenhouse. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the number of flowers per flower stem and the length of flower stems on the diploid and tetraploid plants of these two Cymbidium cultivars. This study provides potentially useful information for the breeding of polyploidy Cymbidium in the floriculture industry.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.564-567
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• 2011

A new standard rose cultivar 'Pink Bell' was bred from a cross between pink standard cultivar 'Sweet Pink' and pink standard cultivar '"Pink Pearl' at the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science. A cross was made in 2003 and 'Pink Bell' was finally selected in 2008 after investigating its characteristics for three years from 2006 to 2008 (UPOV standards). 'Pink Bell', a pink color standard cultivar grows vigorously and has a high yield. The major characteristics of this cultivar are $162stems/m^2/year$ in yield, 69.8 cm in length of cut flower, 10.4 cm in flower diameter, 44.5 in petal number per stem, and 12.0 days in vase life. This cultivar can be propagated by both cutting and grafting. The consumer's preference of this cultivar was relatively higher than that of control cultivar, 'Nobless'.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.537-540
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• 2008

'Honghwa' an Asiatic hybrid lily was released in 2001 at National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI), Rural Development Administration (RDA), and Suwon, Korea. The cross was made in 1994 between Lilium Asiatic 'Avignon', a scarlet red colored, and L. Asiatic 'Connecticut King', bright yellow colored. It was preliminarily selected as 'A96-3' in 1996. Multiplication and bulbing, and characteristic tests were performed from 1997 to 2000. The evaluation of characteristics was made investigated as 'Wongyo C1-31' in 2001 at Suwon. 'Honghwa' flowers at the beginning of June and grows to 111.4 cm stem length. Flowers are upward-facing, unspotted with orange petals. Year-round flowering is possible by storing the bulb at $-1.5^{\circ}C$ conditions. It is necessary to add calcium to the fertilizer or remove side scales to prevent leaf scorch. It is needed to control Botrytis disease during wet season.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.546-549
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• 2008

'Yeeun' an Asiatic hybrid lily was released in 2005 at National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon, Korea. The cross was made in 1994 between Liliium Asiatic 'White Bird' white colored, and Liliium Asiatic 'Cote d'Azur', pink colored variety. It was preliminarily selected as 'A96-5' in 1996. Multiplication and bulbing, and characteristic tests were conducted from 1997 to 2004. The evaluation of characteristics was investigated as 'Wongyo C1-21' in 2004 at Suwon. 'Yeeun' flowers in the end of June and grows 41.6 cm stem length. Flowers are upward-facing, unspotted in petals and yellow green (RHS, 18C). Year-round flowering can be by storing the bulb under $-1.5^{\circ}C$ conditions. For forcing culture, it is necessary to add calcium to the fertilizer or remove side scales to prevent leaf scorch. It is needed to control Botrytis disease in wet season.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.156-168
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• 2012

Chrysanthemum is a cut flower species that normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, in some cases 3-4 weeks. This has been attributed to low ethylene production during senescence. Reduction in cut flower quality has been attributed to the formation of air embolisms that partially or completely blocks the water transport from the vase solution to the rest of the cut flower stem, increasing hydraulic resistance which may cause severe water stress, yellowing, wilting of leaf, and chlorophyll degradation. Standard type chrysanthemum can be harvested when buds were still tightly closed and then fully opened with the simple bud-opening solution. Standard type chrysanthemum can also be harvested when the minimum size of the inflorescence is about 5-6 cm bud which opened into the first flower full-sized flower. While spray varieties can be harvested when 2-4 most mature flowers have opened (40% opening). Cut flowers are sorted by stem length, weight, condition, and so on. Standard chrysanthemum is 80 cm length for standard type and 70cm for spray type. Pre-treatment with a STS, plant regulator such as GA, BA, 1-MCP, chrysal, germicide, and sucrose, significantly improved the vase life and quality of cut flowers. It is well established that vase solutions containing sugar can improve the vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum is normally packed in standard horizontal fiberboard boxes. Chrysanthemum should normally be stored at $5{\sim}7^{\circ}C$. Precooling resulted in reduction in respiration, decomposition, and transpiration activities as well as decoloration retardation. There was significant difference between "wet" storage in 3 weeks and "dry" storage in 2 weeks. In separate pulsing solution trials, various germicides were tested, as well as PGRs to maintain the green color of leaves and turgidity. Prolonging vase life was attained with the application of optimal solution such as HQS, $AgNO_3$, GA, BA and sucrose. This also retarded senescence in leaves of cut flower stems. Fresh cut chrysanthemum can be transported using a refrigerated van with $5{\sim}7^{\circ}C$. Increasing consumption and usage of cut chrysanthemum of various cultivars would require efficient transport system, and effective information exchange among producer, wholesaler, and consumer.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.329-333
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• 2012

A new Asiatic hybrid lily 'Redsky' cultivar was selected from a cross between 'Vivaldi' cultivar with pale pink color flower as mother plant and 'Prato' with orange colored flower in 2000 year. The selected bulb line was propagated and cultivated for line nomenclature as 'Gonong-F-na-10'. The survey of the growth and flower characteristics of 'Gonong-F-na-10' were conducted from 2005 to 2007 on summer cropping system under structure in Highland Agriculture Research Center, NICS, RDA. After all 'Gonong-F-na-10' was named as 'Redsky'. The flowers of the 'Redsky' cultivar had not soft hair and fragrance, and had orange red (O-R N30D) colored petals with dark brown spots in center of flower. The stem color was dark pink and brown caused by anthocyanin pigment, the stigma and pollen colors were brown. Flowering direction was upward. The flowering date was July 7 so early flowering. The plant height was 97.2 cm so long, number of flowers was 4.9 ea, and length of flower bud was 9.3 cm. The bulb weight was about 34.8 g and its bulb size was about 14.8 cm in circumference. 'Redsky' cultivar was registered as a new variety with No. 3119 in Korea Seed and Variety Service on June of 2010.