• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.122-130
• /
• 2013

To examine floc characteristics of cohesive bed sediment of the Yeongsan River estuary, a floc camera system has been developed and utilized to observe flocs under varying conditions. In order to validate the floc camera system, sand particles were passed through 88-125 and $63-88{\mu}m$ sieves and observed within the laboratory. Mean grain size and settling velocities were found to be 102 and $56.2{\mu}m$ and 6.7 and 5.9 mm/s, respectively. Artifacts of particles estimated outside of the sieve range are attributed to being imaged out of the depth of focus. However, as mean grain size and settling velocity of each size class were within the confidence interval, the floc camera system was confidently used to examine cohesive bed sediments of Yeongsan River estuary. The bed sediment sample was prepared with a concentration of 0.1 g/L in 0 psu deionized water. The mean grain size, settling velocity and fractal dimension of flocs were $40.6{\pm}0.66{\mu}m$, 14 mm/s, and 2.86, respectively. Experiments were also conducted using different salinities (10 and 34 psu) and sediment concentrations (0.1 and 0.3 g/L). Despite changing these parameters, the mean observed grain size and settling velocities were found to be the same within the error range of the system. The relatively higher values of settling velocity and fractal dimension are considered a result of the sediment containing relatively small concentrations of organic matter. Moreover, consistent floc size over various grain sizes and concentrations may be the result of insufficient turbulence to aggregate flocs.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 2012

In this study, the effects of starvation on floc characteristics when treating saline wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were investigated. The effectiveness over 5 days of starvation for aerobic and non-aerobic strategies for maintaining the physical characteristics of floc-forming sludge and the recovery period needed to regain the initial pollutant removal efficiency were investigated. Experiment results revealed that the sludge volume index (SVI) increased and the floc size and fractal dimension decreased after starvation under both aerobic and non-aerobic conditions. Sludge settleability deteriorated faster under aerobic conditions compared to non-aerobic conditions. Under non-aerobic conditions, the SBR required less time to return to its initial pollutant removal efficiency and settleability. Floc size, fractal dimension, and SVI were observed to be fairly correlated with each other. The results demonstrated that it was better to maintain the sludge under non-aerobic rather than aerobic starvation, because it adapted to, resisted starvation and had a quicker re-start afterward.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.575-580
• /
• 1998

Cellulase production by batch culture using the Trichoderma reesei Rut C30 strain with various concentrations of Solka Floc with 1 % wheat bran was studied in a 2.5 I fermenter. The cellulase activity increased with Solka Floc concentration up to 5%. When 5% Solka Floc and 1% wheat bran were contained in the medium, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and filter paper (FP) activities were 232.4 U/$m\ell$ and 21.25 U/$m\ell$, respectively. The productivity was 143.6 FPU $1^{-l}h^{-1}$ and the yield was 425 FPU/g. The colonial morphology of T. reesei Rut C30 grown on Avicel agar plates and the changes in mycelial morphology of T. reesei Rut C30 with culture time are also presented.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.44-49
• /
• 1999

Cellulase production by fed-batch cultivation of Trichoderma reesei Rut C30 with various initial concentrations of Solka Floc in 1 % wheat bran-containing medium was investigated. The cellulase activity and productivity increased with initial Solka Floc concentration up to 5%. When a total Solka Floc concentration of 90 g/l was used for cellulase production, CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) and FP (filter paper) activities, productivity, and yield were 359.7 U/ml, 30.61 U/ml, 161 FPU $L^{-1}$ $h^{-1}$, and 340 FPU $g^{-1}$, respectively. It was important to maintain a high cell concentration during cellulase production to obtain high cellulase activity and productivity. Cellulase powder was prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation: FP activity was 396.7 U/g and CMC activity was 6481 U/g.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.362-364
• /
• 2006

Starvation 동안 슬러지를 폭기시킨 경우 floc의 크기감소가 더 크게 일어났다. SBR의 재운전으로 회복된 floc의 크기는 슬러지를 폭기시키지 않은 경우 starvation 이전과 비교하여 더 커졌으며, 슬라지를 폭기시킨 경우 starvation 이전보다 작아졌다. Starvation 동안 슬러지를 폭기하지 않은 경우 fractal dimension은 큰 폭으로 감소하지만, 폭기하였을 때는 감소폭이 매우 작았다. 이후 SBR의 재운전으로 인한 fractal dimension은 증가하였다. 슬러지의 침강성은 starvation 동안 폭기한 경우 폭기하지 않은 경우보다 SBR 재운전 직후 슬러지의 침강성이 더 불량하였으며, starvation 동안 폭기하지 않았을 때 슬러지 침강성의 회복현상이 나타났지만, 폭기를 수행한 경우 침강성의 회복이 느리게 일어났다. Starvation 동안 슬러지의 폭기 및 비폭기 수행결과 침강성은 fractal dimension보다 floc의 크기에 더 크게 좌우되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.10-16
• /
• 2004

Structures and strengths of paper have been studied by analyzing fibers characteristics depending on refining methods. Mixing ratio of softwood and hardwood fibers and fibers characteristics have been analyzed for paper quality improvement. In this study flocculation and drainage of fibers were analyzed to improve the production efficiency and paper product's quality. Floc size and drainage rate depending on stock consistency and fines content were analyzed. Total amount of drainage during drainage process was measured quantitatively by using DI(drainage index). Floc size, viscosity of floc and dewatering times were also measured. In the case of refining load $2.8 kg_f$ , drainage was occurred by filtration mechanism rather than thickening mechanism because drainage resistance increased by fibrillation of fibers. Therefore, the drainage rate of $2.8 kg_f$ refining load stock was slower than that of $5.6 kg_f$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.717-721
• /
• 2012

유속(혹은 난류강도) 증감에 따른 floc 특성의 변화를 파악하기 위하여, 현재 연안 개발이 활발히 수행되고 있는 목포해역을 대상으로 ADCP를 이용한 층별 유속 및 부유사 농도의 연속관측이 수행되었다. 목포해역 내 대표정점에서 층별로 유속 유향 및 음파 intensity와 함께 전체 수심데이터가 5분 간격으로 측정되었으며, ADCP 음파의 intensity와 부유사 농도의 상관관계 분석을 위하여 동일 시간동안 채수기를 이용하여 water sampling(30분 간격) 또한 동시에 수행되었다. 관측시간 동안의 목포해역은 낙조류의 흐름특성을 가지며, 표층에서의 최강유속은 24.5cm/s, 유향은 대체적으로 NW~N향 사이에 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 층별 부유사 농도는 그 차이가 매우 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 관측된 자료들은 퇴적물의 제반 이송특성 연구를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 향후 퇴적물 이송 및 수질 예측/평가를 위한 수치모형 적용시 입력자료로 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.26 no.2 s.85
• /
• pp.239-245
• /
• 1998

The feasibility of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials is dependent on the cost of cellulase, which is strongly influenced by the selection of proper carbon source in the cellulase production medium. When solka floc was used as a carbon source for the production of cellulase by Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30, a maximum of 53.2 U/ml of CMCase activity (4.8 U/ml of FPase activity) was obtained with a concentration of 1 % of solka floc. The cellulase activity decreased to 50% in the presence of 0.5% of glucose in the medium. The production of cellulase was considerably enhanced when solka floc and wheat bran were used together as a carbon source. A medium which contained 1 % of solka floc and 3 % of wheat bran yielded highest cellulase activity: CMCase activity of 76 U/ml and FPase activity of 12.5 U/ml.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 1999

In this paper, the characteristics of the flow and the movement of the floc were analyzed through the experiments in the sedimentation basin using the redioisotope. Tc-99m radioisotope was used for the experiments for the characteristics of the flow, and the bentonite absorbing Tc-99m radioisotope was used in the experiments for the movement of the floc. Through the experiments of the flow, it was found that the velocities of flow in the sedimentation basin were different depending upon the position and the depth. The distance of the moving trajectories of the floc is increased by increasing the discharge. By increasing the discharge, the settling point is farther from the inlet, and the turbidity removal efficiencies in the sedimentation basin are decreased. The moving velocities of the floc and the density are changed in the different depths in the sedimentation basin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2018

In this study, applicability of the decentralized water supply system were investigated by the high flux evaluation using ceramic membrane with combined pretreatment process. A) filtration process increased the transmembrane pressure of 1.4 kPa and 89.5 kPa on 2 and $5m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ of filtration flux, respectively, the physical backwashing recovery rate were less than 28.6%. The (B) Coag./Floc. - Sedi. combined process with 4 mg / L of A-PAC showed that the transmembrane pressure increased to within 6 kPa, the physical backwashing recovery rate was over 37.9 % higher than (A) Filtration process. (C) Coag./Floc. combined process showed an increase of transmembrane pressure compared with (B) Coag./Floc. - Sedi. combined process, physical backwashing recovery rate was over 84%. As a result of the membrane fouling analysis using the resistance in series model, the combined pretreatment process showed that the cake resistance (Rc) was more than 92% at membrane filtration flux of $2m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$. In the (C) Coag./Floc. combined process, cake resistance(Rc) was over 86% on high flux conditions. The coagulation floc contained in influent was removed by the membrane, and the cake layer formed with the removed floc was identified as reversible fouling resistance which could be recovered by physical backwashing. The decentralized water supply system, which has the limitation of site area and installation space, is considered to could be operation of high flux of ceramic membrane by applying (C) Coag./Floc. combined process without sedimentation process.