• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.342-351
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• 2000

도토리전분과 도토리가루의 첨가량, 당의 종류와 양, 물의 첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 상자병(橡子餠)의 관능검사, 기계검사, 수분측정, 색도측정한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 관능검사 결과 Color와 Flavor는 도토리전분 5%에 꿀 첨가 군이 가장 좋았다. Grain은 도토리가루 5%에 설탕 첨가 군이 가장 고왔으며, Moistness와 Chewiness는 15%에 설탕을 첨가한 군이 가장 좋았다. Sweetness는 도토리 전분 15%에 꿀 첨가 군이 가장 달았다. Overall quality는 도토리전분과 도토리가루 모두 10% 첨가하고 설탕, 꿀, 올리고당 첨가 순으로 바람직하다고 평가되었다. Flavor를 제외한 항목에서 모든 시료는 유의 차가 있었다(P<0.05). 2. 기계검사 결과 Springiness는 도토리전분 10%에 설탕을 첨가한 군, Cohesivness는 도토리전분 5%에 설탕을 첨가한 군, Chewiness와 Gumminess는 도토리전분 15%에 꿀을 첨가한 군이 가장 높았고, Adhesiveness는 도토리 전분 5%에 꿀을 첨가한 군이 가장 높았다. Hardness는 도토리전분 15%에 꿀을 첨가한 군이 가장 단단했고 도토리가루와 전분의 첨가량이 증가 할수록 단단했으며, 설탕 첨가 군이 꿀이나 올리고당 첨가 군 보다 부드러웠다. 모든 시료는 유의 차가 있었다(P<0.05). 3. 수분함량은 쌀가루 32.93%, 도토리전분 8.52%, 도토리가루 13.26%이며 도토리 전분을 첨가한 상자병(橡子餠)이 44.11%, 도토리가루 첨가한 상자병(橡子餠)이 44.3%였다. 4. 색도측정 결과 L값은 도토리전분 5%에 올리고당을 첨가한 군, a값은 도토리가루 15%에 설탕을 첨가한 군, b값은 도토리전분 15%에 올리고당을 첨가한 군이 가장컸다. 이상의 결과로 얻어진 상자병(橡子餠)의 가장 바람직한 배합비는 쌀가루 315 g에 도토리가루와 도토리 전분 35 g (10%), 설탕 60 g(17.1%), 소금 3.5 g(0.1%), 물 130 ml (37.1%)이다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Sulfur-containing amino acids play important roles in good flavor generation in Maillard reaction of non-enzymatic browning, so aqueous model systems of glucosamine and cysteine were studied to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and concentration ratio of glucosamine and cysteine. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the independent reaction parameters of cysteine and glucosamine in Maillard reaction. Box-Behnken factorial design was used with 30 runs of 16 factorial levels, 8 axial levels and 6 central levels. The degree of Maillard reaction was determined by reading absorption at 425 nm in a spectrophotometer and Hunter's L, a, and b values. ${\Delta}E$ was consequently set as the fifth response factor. In the statistical analyses, determination coefficients ($R^2$) for their absorbance, Hunter's L, a, b values, and ${\Delta}E$ were 0.94, 0.79, 0.73, 0.96, and 0.79, respectively, showing that the absorbance and Hunter's b value were good dependent variables for this model system. The optimum processing parameters were determined to yield glucosamine-cysteine Maillard reaction product with higher absorbance and higher colour change. The optimum estimated absorbance was achieved at the condition of initial pH 8.0, $111^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, 2.47 h reaction time, and 1.30 concentration ratio. The optimum condition for colour change measured by Hunter's b value was 2.41 h reaction time, $114^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, initial pH 8.3, and 1.26 concentration ratio. These results can provide the basic information for Maillard reaction of aqueous model system between glucosamine and cysteine.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.263-269
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• 1994

궐련벌레(Lasioderma serricorne F)가 제품담배내 오염되었을때의 방제방법으로 감마선 이용법을 선전 방제효과를 조사하였다. Gelatin capsules에 공시충을 넣은 다음 감마선을 조사해 본 결과 0.8kGy이상의 선량에서 난태는 모두 살충되었고 용태나 성충때 및 유충태는 0~30%가 살충되었다. 몇가지 제품담배값내에 공시충을 함유한 gelatin capsules이 삽입된 궐련을 넣은후 감마선 조사시의 궐련벌레 충태별 방제효과도 동일한 결과를 얻었다. 감마선의 영향을 받은 궐련벌레의 성충 및 유충태를 인공먹이로 사육해 본 결과 차세대 개체군 증식이 확인되지 않았다. 감마선에 노출된 궐련벌레의 각 충태는 선량이 높아질수록 생존기간이 짧아졌으며 4령 유충이 처리 공시충중 가장 오래 생존하였다. 감마선에 노출된 제품담배의 고유향기나 맛은 선량 증가에도 영향을 받지 않았다. 감마선이 처리된 제품담배의 포갑지나 궐련지 및 은박지 등은 고유의 색도 또한 변화하지 않았다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2014

This research aimed to develope squash sikhye containing retrograded rice flour using response surface methodology. For this, nonlinear regression equation was calculated with the setting of independent variables as retrograded rice flour containing resistant starch and squash, and dependent variables as viscosity, sugar content, pH, color, and sensory attributes. Under the experimental condition, the quality characteristics of squash sikhye were found as 6.20~6.25 for pH, $14.00{\sim}17.33^{\circ}Brix$ for sweetness, 2.64~4.45 cP for viscosity, 57.51~60.18 for lightness, 4.94~7.52 for redness, and 50.98~60.29 for yellowness. It also was revealed overall acceptability in sensory evaluation rated as 9.67~10.83 out of 15 point. These results showed statistically significant differences in quality attributes with the increase of retrograded rice flour and squash(p<0.05). Thus, optimal mixing quantity of squash and retrograded rice flour for squash sikhye was identified as 114 g and 65 g, respectively. Comparison of sensory qualities of four samples, namely squash sikhye with and without retrograded rice, and two commercial products, showed that squash sikhye including retrograded rice flour had the best quality in terms of color, taste, mouth feeling, flavor and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Thus the squash sikhye with retrograded rice flour can be the potential products as a health benefit beverage for the old adult and the young generation.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 1988

The present study was conducted to characterize lipoxygenase isoenzymes isolated from germinating soybean seeds to obstain pH profiles, carbonyl Production, carotene bleaching abilities, and stability to heat. The roles of these lipoxygenase isoenzymes in the generation of volatile carbonyl compounds were investigated to associate with off-flavor and odor of soybean sprouts cooked to different temperatures. Lipoxygenase isoenzymes were isolated from soybean sprouts using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration and ionexchange chromatography. Two main lipoxygenases exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.5 (lipoxygenase 2) and at pH 9.5 (lipoxygenase 1), respectively. Both lipoxygenase 1 and 2 produced 280 nm absorbing carbonlys and bleached carotene. The abilities of hydroperoxide formation, 280 nm absorbing carbonyl production and carotene bleaching of lipoxygenase isoenzymes were decreased significantly as the cooking temperature raised. Sensory evaluation data presented that raw and $50^{\circ}C$ cooked soybean sprouts showed significantly higher grassy odor than $80^{\circ}C$and $100^{\circ}C$ cooked soybean sprouts. On the other hand beany odor was significantly higher in $50^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ cooked soybean sprouts than in raw and $100^{\circ}C$ cooked soybean sprouts. These results indicate that lipoxygenase plays a role in the development of off-odor and flavors in soybean sprouts under the condition of chewing and inadequate heating.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2010

The present paper describes the effect of cooking temperature on objective meat qualities and volatile components in beef longissimus lumborum. Twenty samples of lumbar vertebrae longissimus muscle from Australian Black Angus (grain-fed and chiller aged for 29 d) were screened. Samples were cooked at 50, 70 or $90^{\circ}C$ in a pre-heated water bath for 1 h and uncooked raw samples were used as control. The results revealed that elevating the heating temperature from 50 to $90^{\circ}C$ led to a significant (p<0.05) increase in WB-shear force, total energy required for WB-shear force, cooking loss, pH and soluble collagen content, whereas a significant (p<0.05) linear decrease in protein solubility was observed. The results also revealed that the WB-shear force at $70^{\circ}C$ was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that observed at $50^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$. However, the effect of temperature on cooking loss and protein solubility was notably (p<0.05) higher at $70^{\circ}C$. The detectable volatile components were mostly produced from fat oxidation, and temperature effects on the generation of volatile components were significantly (p<0.05) greater for aldehydes (hexanal, benzaldehyde, nonanal and octanal) than for ketones and hydrocarbons (hexane, benzene, decan, toluene and 3-methylnonane).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.160-166
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• 1989

제빵시 폐자원 일종인 난각을 첨가하여 식빵의 calcium 강화효과와 팽창기능을 조사하였다. 제빵시 첨가한 난각의 최적 입자는 120mesh 이상으로 분쇄 하는 것이 적당하였고, baking-powder, yeast, 난각의 탄산가스 발생량은 각각 $153{\pm}3ml/g,\;115{\pm}3ml/g(Yeast\;1g+Sugar\;29),\;205{\pm}3ml/g(egg-shell\;1g+10%\;acetic\;acld\;50ml)$로 반응물질(혹은 기질) 1g 당 탄산가스 발생량은 난각이 제일 많았다. Baking-powder, yeast, 난각의 $CO_2$ 최대발생량 도달시간은 각각 10분, 240분 45분 이내였다. 기본 식빵재료구성에 난각과 젖산이 함께 첨가될때 용적과 견고성에서 바람직하였고 반대로 효모를 넣지않고 팽창제로서 난각만 첨가하거나 혹은 난각과 젖산을 첨가한 경우는 좋지 않았다. 빵제품의 calcium 함량은 난각의 첨가량$(3{\sim}5%)$에 비례하여 증가 효과가 없으면서도 기존 빵제품에 비하여 맛과 견고성 면에서 떨어지지 않았다. 결국 제빵시 난각의 첨가는 빵제품의 calcium강화와 yeast평창효과를 보족하여 주는 효과가 있었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

The study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of Mozzarella cheese analogue generation by using a mixture of soy milk and raw milk and to compare the quality of the resultant cheese with that of Mozzarella cheese manufactured using the traditional method. The mixtures showed increase in protein and decrease in lactose and SNF in a dose-dependent manner with the addition of soy milk. The Mozzarella cheese analogue had lower total solids content than the control cheese product, while the fat content was similar between both. The analogue cheese had lower ash content than the traditionally prepared cheese; the content was proportional to the amount of soy milk in the mixture. Higher soy milk quantities within mixtures also resulted in proportionally higher levels of fat content within analogue cheese. Water-soluble nitrogen content was lower in the analogue cheese than in the control cheese. While the WSN level increased in the control cheese, it was almost constant in the analogue cheese. The control cheese had much higher actual and predicted yield than the analogue cheese, while the analogue cheese had a higher stability level. The control cheese had a higher transfer rate than the analogue cheese, with the exception of lactose. Electrophoresis analysis showed bands for Mozzarella cheese analogues that were present in addition to the normal ${\alpha}$-casein and ${\beta}$-casein bands. Physical characteristic analysis showed that hardness was affected by the addition of soy milk to cheese, while cohesiveness and brittleness were affected by the addition of raw milk, and elasticity was barely affected by milk composition. The meltability of the control cheese was higher than that of the analogue cheese and increased during 30 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Browning, oiling-off, and stretching characteristics were almost identical between the 2 types of cheeses. Sensory evaluation findings showed that the control cheese had much better body texture, appearance, and flavor than the analogue cheese.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect on oxidative stress induced PC12 cells, and volatile flavor composition of essential oils derived from medicinal plant seeds- Gossypium hirsutum L. (G. hirsutum), Coix lachryma-jobi (C. lachryma-jobi) and Oenothera biennis (O. biennis). The essential oils were obtained by the solvent (hexane) extraction method from the seeds. The essential oils of the seeds were analyzed by the solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). The major compounds of G. hirsutum, C. lachryma-jobi and O. biennis were cyclonexanol (16.65%), β-asarone (14.29%) and ylangene (50.01%). The DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀) was the highest value of 8.52 mg/mL in the O. biennis. Additionally, IC₅₀ values of G. hirsutum and C. lachryma-jobi were 26.76 mg/mL and 36.81 mg/mL. For the oxidative stress on PC12 cells, we treated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The pretreatment of oxidative stress induced PC12 cells with all the essential oils preserved or increased their cell viability and G. hirsutum and O. biennis attenuated the ROS generation (by 68.75% and 56.25% vs. H₂O₂ control). The results of this study suggest that the essential oils derived from medicinal plant seeds could be used as valuable back data as a natural essential oil material to prevent neurodegenerative diseases by protecting neuro-cells.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.148-158
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• 1998

본 연구는 재미한인 주부 271명을 대상으로 한국의 명절음식에 대한 인식과 계승정도, 미국음식문화에 동화되어 가는 정도를 알아보고자 실시하였으며 조사결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자의 연령분포는 30대 40.6%,40대 39.9%로 많이 차지하였으며 학력은 대졸이상이 85.2%로 높은 학력 수준이었다. 39.1%가 직업주부였으며 가족의 연봉은 39.9%가 $ 75,000 이상이었다. 핵가족이 84.5%, 카톨릭과 기독교를 가진 주부가 77.5% 정도였으며 주택에 거주하는 비율이 73.8%였다. 미국거주년한은 3년이하(30.3%)부터 16년 이상(19.9%)이었으며 첫째 며느리가 48.4%를 차지하고 있었다. 2.명절음식에 관한 관심도는 77.1%가 관심이 있었고, 명절음식에 대한 상차림의 증요성은 70.5%가 중요하다고 보았다. 가장 먼저 생각나는 명절은 추석(52.0%), 설날(40.9%), 정월대보름(1.1%)이었고, 가장 먼저 생각나는 명절음식은 송편(48.0%), 떡국(39.1%) 순 이었다. 가장 잘 알고 있는 명절음식은 추석(75.3%), 설날(73.5%), 동지(49.8%), 정원대보름(48.3%), 삼복(42.1%), 섣달그믐(24.0%)순 이었고, 가정에서 명절음식을 차리는 현황은 설날(95.9%), 추석(93.0%), 정월대보름(61.3%) 동지(41.7%), 삼복(25.5)이었고 그 이외 명절은 차리는 정도가 낮았으며 중화절과 유두는 차리는 주부가 아무도 없었다. 3. 명절음식의 계승필요유무는 설날(97.0%), 추석(94.8%), 정월대보름(58.7%), 동지(35.0%), 삼복(19.1%), 단오(16.2%), 섣달그믐(11.4%) 순으로 계승해야 한다고 생각하고 있었다. 명절음식을 계승, 발전시켜야 하는 이유는 미풍양속(67.5%), 식생활문화의 계승(24.7%), 제철음식이므로(5.6%) 등으로 나타났다. 명절음식이 세계적인 음식으로 보급되기 위해 역점을 두어야 할 점은 맛과 냄새(39.5%), 조리방법 (34.7%), 저장성 (10.3%), 위생적 인면(8.1%), 영양(7.4%) 순 으로 응답하였다. 명절음식의 조리방법을 배우게 된 경로는 친정어머니(61.6%), 시어머니(23.6%)순 이었으며 다른 연구와 비슷한 결과이다. 4. 미국의 명절음식을 준비하는 정도는 추수감사절 때 가장 많이 준비했고, 크리스마스, 할로윈 순 이었다. 직업이 있는 주부와 미국거주년한이 많을수록 명절음식의 준비정도가 높게 나타났다. 위의 결과들을 살펴볼 때 재미한인주부들은 명절음식에 대해 알고있는 정도는 한국이나 중국조선족보다 낮았으며 몇몇 명절을 제외하고는 나머지 명절들은 인식도나 차리는 정도가 낮았음을 볼 수 있었다. 미국 거주년도가 많아질수록 미국음식문화에 참여하는 정도가 높아지고 있으나 우리의 대표적인 전통명절음식도 계승하고있었다. 한국음식 이 세계적인 음식으로 보급되기 위해서는 맛과 냄새에 더욱 개선·개발해 나아가야 할 것이다 우리의 전통적인 모든 명절을 지낸다는 것은 시대적인 변화에 의해 비현실적이나 명절음식의 관심도나 인식은 길이 전수되어야한다고 본다 친정어머니에 의해서 명절음식이 거의 전수되는 것을 보아 주부들이 명절음식에 대하여 더 많은 관심을 가지고 배우며 익혀 나아가야 할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 재미 한인 사회에서의 대중매체를 통한 명절음식의 홍보와 재교육이 강화되어져야하겠다.