• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.218-223
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• 2022

Purpose: This study sought to identify the effects of an insole applied for the flexible flat-foot condition on dynamic balance and ankle muscle activities during the Y-balance test (YBT). Methods: Thirteen flexible flat-footed adults and an equal number of normal-footed adults were enrolled. The dynamic balance of the subjects was measured using the YBT, which is a reach test. While they were reaching forward with their foot, the percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and medial and lateral gastrocnemius were measured and analyzed. The flat-footed group then applied the ready-made insoles and underwent the YBT again. A comparison of the distance and muscle activity was conducted using YBT, not only between the flat-footed and control group, but also between the flat-footed group before and after the application of the insole. Results: Between the groups, the anterior reach distance in the flat-footed group was significantly lower, but there were no significant differences observed in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions. With the insole, the reach distance of the flat-footed group was significantly increased in the anterior and posterolateral direction compared to the control group. With the insole, the lateral gastrocnemius activity significantly decreased compared to trials without the insole in the flat-footed group, but there were no significant differences in the other muscles. Conclusion: The insole for flat-footed subjects can maintain the medial arch of the foot, and it may help enhance functional and mechanical dynamic balance in people with flat feet.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

Background: Alignment of the lower limb is an important factor, influencing balance and gait in kinematics and kinetics, in patients with and without a flat arched foot. Flat arched foot are associated with the range of motion (ROM) of the hip and alignments of the knee joints, is strongly influenced. Objects: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between hip joint ROM and quadriceps angle (Q-angle), by dividing them into two groups according to the presence or absence of flat feet, using a navicular drop test (NDT) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Methods: Forty elderly patients were allocated to the experimental group (flat foot group, n1=20) or the control group (non-flat group, n2=20). Universal and digital goniometer, tractograph and tape measure were used to determine the related changes in the hip ROM, Q-angle, NDT and RCSP. Results: Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficients. Active internal ROM of the hip joint (right, r=.803, p<.001), (left, r=.951, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with Q-angle (right, r=.562, p=.019), (left, r=.757, p<.001). Passive internal ROM of the hip joint (right, r=.742, p=.001), (left, r=.922, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with RCSP (right, r=-.530, p=.029) and with Q-angle (right, r=.710, p=.001), (left, r=.698, p=.002) in the flat foot group. However, no strong correlation among the hip ROM, NDT, RCSP and Q-angle were found in the non-flat foot group. Conclusion: This research may provide evidence of the correlations between hip internal ROM and flat foot.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.421-429
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the effects of arch support taping on static balance, static/dynamic foot contact area, and ground reaction force during walking according to the types of elastic tapes with mechanical elasticity differences. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Twenty-six participants selected for flexible flat feet through the navicular drop test were randomly assigned to non-taping, Dynamic-taping, and Mechano-taping conditions. Static balance and foot contact area were compared in the standing posture according to arch support taping conditions, and foot contact area and ground reaction force were compared during walking. Results: There was no significant difference in static balance according to the taping condition in the standing position, but the foot contact area in the Mechano-taping condition showed a significant decrease compared to the non-taping condition (p<0.05). The foot contact area during walking significantly decreased in the Dynamic-taping and Mechano-taping conditions (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the ground reaction force. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it was confirmed that among the types of elastic taping, arch support taping using dynamic taping and Mechano-taping has the effect of supporting the arch with high elastic recovery. Any type of elastic tape can be used for arch alignment in flexible flat foot.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2021

본 연구는 기존 편평발 측정을 위해 사용되던 다양한 방법의 한계를 보완할 수 있는 새로운 측정 방법으로 전이학습을 적용한 딥러닝 기반 편평발 분류 방법론을 제안한다. 편평발 88장, 정상발 88장으로 이루어진 총 176장의 이미지 데이터를 활용하여, 적은 데이터로도 우수한 예측 모델을 생성할 수 있는 데이터 증폭 기술과 사전학습 모델인 VGG16 구조를 활용하는 전이학습 기술을 적용하여 제안 모델의 학습을 진행하였다. 제안 모델의 우수성을 확인하기 위하여 기본 CNN 기반 모델과 제안 방법론의 예측 정확도를 비교하는 실험을 수행하였다. 기본 CNN 모델의 경우 훈련 정확도는 77.27%, 검증 정확도는 61.36%, 그리고 시험 정확도는 59.09%로 나타났으며, 제안 모델의 경우 훈련 정확도는 94.32%, 검증 정확도는 86.36%, 그리고 시험 정확도는 84.09%로 나타나 기본 CNN 모델에 비해 제안 모델의 정확도가 큰 폭으로 향상된 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2010

Purpose: The author evaluated the clinical and radiological results after wearing the medial arch supports in children. Materials and Methods: 103 patients who had symptomatic flat feet were evaluated from march, 2002 to may 2009. All patients wore the medial arch supports according to the symptoms. We measured parameters at weight-bearing radiographs before and after medial arch support were worn. We also evaluated the clinical scores using the AOFAS score. Results: Mean age of patients was 97 months (11-204 months), all foot of patients involved bilaterally. Mean talo-first metatarsal angle of right foot was $17.7{\pm}9.4$ and left foot was $19.96{\pm}9.5$ degrees at AP radiograph in pre-wearing state. Mean calcaneal pitch angle of right foot was $12.0{\pm}5.3$ and left foot was $11.9{\pm}5.8$ degrees at lateral radiograph in pre-wearing state. Mean talo-first metatarsal angle of right foot was $14.4{\pm}8.05$ and left foot was $13.1{\pm}8.77$ degrees at AP radiograph in post-wearing state. Mean calcaneal pitch angle of right foot was $16.4{\pm}5.75$ left foot was $16.5{\pm}5.6$ degrees at lateral radiograph in post-wearing state. The radiographic angles between pre-wearing and post-wearing state were statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean pre-wearing AOFAS hindfoot score was $66.7{\pm}9.25$, midfoot score was $60.0{\pm}9.34$ forefoot score was $57.1{\pm}11.8$. Mean post-wearing AOFAS hindfoot score was $73.2{\pm}9.73$, midfoot score was $68.1{\pm}10.1$, forefoot score was $67.2{\pm}11.4$. The forefoot score was highest improving scores among the AOFAS scores. Conclusion: From our study, we concluded that medial arch support was effective for symptomatic flat feet of children in radiological and clinical results from our study.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2004

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of flat foot in the 1st grade primary school children in the Kang-Dong Gu, Seoul, Korea. Materials and Methods: We examined 1336 8 year old the first grade children (2672 feet) in primary school at 5 primary school for prevalence of flat foot and the associating factors in Kang-Dong Gu in April 2003. The group was examined with 2 mm-pannel in physical examination at erect position to put diagnosis of flat foot which showed no plantar arch. The height, weight, foot length and foot width were estimated in all children. We used obesity grading system of Korean Pediatric Association for overweight evaluation. Results: We enrolled 728 boys and 608 girls, and prevalences of each gender were 20.8% and 14.9%. The children who had flat foot were 243 and the prevalence of flat foot was 18.2%. The foot length ranges between 152 mm and 300 mm (mean value 183.6 mm, SD 10.6), and the foot width were between 50 mm and 107 mm (mean value 2.16 mm, SD 4.8). Of the 1336 children group, 1215 children (90.0%) were in range of normal weight, 72 children (5.4%) were in grade-1 overweight, 38 (2.8%) were in grade-2 overweigh and, 11 (0.8%) were in grade-3 overweight. The prevalence of flat foot of each overweight group were 16.3%, 34.7%, 39.5% and 45.5%. Overweight in children effected increased prevalence of flat foot. But there were no significant relationship with flat foot in other factors. Conclusion: Over all prevalence of flat foot of 8 year old children was 18.2% and most of patients were flexible flat foot. The prevalence of flat foot was influenced by overweight remarkably.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.103-116
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate between low back pain scale and disability index owing to gait pattern. For the period of February 1 to February 29, 2004, we had conducted a questionnaire and direct interview with 100 persons lived in Daejeon. The result were as follows: 1. The stride length of experimental group. the male was $49.9{\pm}12.9cm$. the female $45.7{\pm}12.9cm$ and the width of feet, the male was $13.5{\pm}5.7cm$, the female $12.2{\pm}4.8cm$. 2. The Fick angle of all subjects was showed in external disposition, the left angle showed in asymmetry, the male was $11.0{\pm}5.7^{\circ}$, the female $8.5{\pm}1.3^{\circ}$. 3. The foot arch was similar to sex as a weight bearing and non-weight bearing, the male was $1.3{\pm}0.8cm$, the female $1.3{\pm}0.9cm$. 4. The impedimental index according to back pain grade, men was a lower than women, the male was $5.7{\pm}6.9$ and the female $7.2{\pm}5.3$. 5. The relation to difference between foot arch and disability index according to back pain grade as a weight bearing and non-weight bearing, the higher foot arch, the higher back pain grade was statistically significance(p<.05). 6. The relation between width of feet and disability index according to back pain grade, the wider width of feet, the higher back pain grade was statistically significance(p<.01). 7. The relation between stride length and disability index according to back pain grade, the wider stride length, the higher back pain grade was statistically significance(p<.05).

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.218-222
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• 2006

Purpose: We evaluate the results of subtalar arthroereisis with $Kalix^{(R)}$ implant (Newdeal, Lyon, France) that were performed in painful flatfoot deformity. Materials and Methods: We performed the subtalar arthroereisis on 16 feet of children symptomatic flexible flat feet after more than 6 months of conservative treatment. Average age was 11 years (8-14 years) old. We checked the functional status with AOFAS functional score in pre-operatively and at final follow-up. Radiologically, we took weight bearing anterior to posterior and lateral view of the feet, and measured the talo-$1^{st}$ metatarsal angle, calcaneal pitch angle, cuboid-surface height. Finally, we asked to patient's parents for satisfaction of the surgery. Results: Mean follow up period was 34.1 months. Average AOFAS score improved from preoperatively 71.9 to postoperatively 91.3. Only one patient has subtalar pain. Average lateral $1^{st}$ metatarsal angle reduced from $-18.2^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $-4.6^{\circ}$ at final follow-up. Average anterior to posterior $1^{st}$ metatarsal angle was reduced from $18.9^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $6.5^{\circ}$ at final follow-up. Average calcaneal pitch angle was increased from $8.6^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $12.6^{\circ}$ at final follow-up. Average cuoboid-surface height was improved from 12.1 mm preoperatively to 16.0 mm at final follow-up. All patients had excellent or good satisfaction. Conclusions: Subtalar arthroereisis with $Kalix^{(R)}$ implant is a viable surgical alternative for painful flatfoot deformity of children.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권5B호
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• pp.502-510
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 보행 시 발의 3차원 움직임에 대한 보다 정확한 동작 각도를 측정하고, 기존의 마커 방식에 의한 유선 동작 분석 시스템의 불편함을 해결하기 위해서 양상에 실제 사용 가능한 족부 진단용 우선 이동형 시스템을 개발하였다. 시스템의 주요 모듈은 3축 가속도계와 3축 자이로계로 이루어진 관성 측정 장치와 블루투스 전송 모듈로 구성되었다. 피험자는 전주 소아과 족부 임상 전문의에게 평발과 아킬레스건염을 진단 받은 소아과 환자 5명의 10족 에 대한 측정을 하였으며, 족부 전문의의 이학적 소견과 대비하여 개발 시스템에서 측정한 값과 근전도 데이터를 바탕으로 그 타당성을 평가하였다. 발목의 ROM은 외측 복사뼈에서 측정된 최대 피크와 최소 피크의 차이로 측정하였고, 이 값에 근거하여 평발이 심할수록 외번의 비율이 상대적으로 높아짐을 보였다. 근전도 측정 결과 내번근으로 작용하는 전경골근의 보상 작용으로 인해 전경골근의 근 활성도가 높게 측정되었고, 아킬레스건염에 의해 족배굴곡이 제한됨으로 인해 족저굴곡근으로 작용하는 비복근의 근 활성도가 높아짐을 보임으로서 족부 질환에 따르는 발의 비정상적인 움직임과 특정 근육의 활성 사이에 상관성이 있음을 확인 하였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2018

PURPOSE: Despite the abundant literature available regarding the activity of intrinsic muscles, few studies have investigated the muscle activity of extrinsic muscles. Therefore, the present study compared the muscle activity of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and abductor hallucis during short foot exercise in subjects with and without flat feet. METHODS: Twelve subjects with and without pes planus participated in this study. During the short foot exercises, muscular activity of the tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, and abductor hallucis longus were measured in both groups. To identify the effects of short foot exercises, navicular drop height was also investigated in pre and post short foot exercises. RESULTS: In a symptomatic group, the navicular drop height was significantly reduced at post measurement compared with pre-measurement. During the short foot exercise, the pes planus group showed significantly lower activities of the fibularis longus than the control group (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Similar to previous studies and clinical literature, short foot exercise was effective for alleviating navicular drop for a population with pes planus. In addition, subjects with pes planus showed decreased muscular activities of the fibularis longus, which suggests that considering extrinsic muscles such as fibularis longus is also important for rehabilitation of pes planus patients.