• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.5 s.82
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• pp.657-668
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the soft tissue of nose and maxillary changes and to identify the nasal morphologic features that indicate susceptibility to nasal deflection in such a manner that they would be useful in presurgical prediction of nasal changes after maxillary advancement surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients (13 males and 12 females) who had severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy. The patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment. They underwent a Le Fort I advancement osteotomy, rigid internal fixation, alar cinch suture and V-Y advancement lip closure. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms and lateral and frontal facial photographs were evaluated. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out. Soft tissue of nose change to h point change ratios were calculated by regression equations. The results were as follows 1. The correlation of maxillary hard tissue horizontal changes and nasal soft tissue vortical changes were high and the ${\beta}_0$ for soft tissue to ADV were 0.228 at ANt, 0.257 at SNt. 2. The correlation of maxillary hard tissue and nasal soft tissue horizontal changes were high and the ${\beta}_0$ for soft tissue to ADV were 0.484 at ANt, 0.431 at SNt, 0.806 at Sn. 3. The correlation of maxillary hard tissue horizontal changes and width changes of ala of nose were high and the ${\beta}_0$ lot alar base width ratio to ADV were 0.002. 4. The DRI, Prominence of nose, Pre-Op CA is not a quantitative measure that can be used clinically to improve the predictability of vertical and horizontal nasal tip deflection. In this study, increases in nasal tip projection and anterosuperior rotation occur when there is an anterior vector of maxillary movement. These nasal changes were Quantitatively correlated to magnitude of maxillary(A point) movement.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.115-124
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• 2014

This study has carried out scanning tests in order to figure out the features of scanning search by sex of space users, with the result of which the validity of data has been estimated. In this research, the scanning patterns were set up for verifying the typology of scanning paths and then the reason for determining scanning paths and the validity of estimation method were reviewed. Since the observation features depends on sex, the analysis of visual activities for acquiring any information in a space will reveal the intention and purpose of space users. The findings by analyzing the features of scanning pattern by sex which were found at the determination of scanning patterns can be defined as the followings. First, for estimating the process of space-information search, the movement distance at each point of continuative-observation data from the angle of eye-movement has been extracted, on the ground of which the fixation and movement of eye have been defined for the establishment of scanning-cut characteristics. Second, the scanning times were estimated for the extraction of effective observation data that would be used for comparative analysis, which showed that men had more data (3,398.2/64.4%) than women (2,998.2/55.6%). This enables the acknowledgment that the scanning cut of men was relatively less, which indicates that men will acquire more information on space than women in the process of observing any space. Third, men's scanning times (58.0 times/2.02 seconds) were less than those of women (71.9 times/1.39 seconds) while the scanning time of the former was longer than that of the latter, which shows the feature that it takes longer for men than women in scanning while the scanning times of the former is less than those of the latter. Fourth, the observation features can be determined that the combination of this result with the predominance character by sex for a general viewpoint to be employed indicates that while men employ mixed-scanning for observation activities to acquire space-information spending for longer time, women, by concentrated-scanning, focus on a single point for shorter time or stay at one location for a considerably long time for space-information acquirement.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2011

The main objective of this research was to estimate Nitrogen budget of South Korea in 2008. Input-output budgets for nitrogen fluxes were categorized into three sections: cities, agricultural area, and forest. Chemical and biological fixation, dry and wet deposition, imported food and feed were used as the nitrogen input. Crop uptake, volatilization, denitrification, leaching, runoff, and forest consumption were used as the nitrogen outputs. Annual total nitrogen input was 1,294,155 ton/yr, and output was 632,228 ton/yr. Comparison with a previous research in 2005 indicates that nitrogen input was decreased by 1.9% due to the decrease in nitrogen fertilizer while nitrogen output was decreased by 6.3%. Non-point source (NPS) pollution was also estimated by mass balance approach, which increased by 22% than the previous research in 2005. The emission of nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) caused by denitrification was newly examined in this research. About 8,289 ton/yr of $N_2O$ was released from agriculture area and domestic wastewater treatment plant.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.85-94
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• 2015

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide a political registration point for analyzing the economic impacts on the national economy from the REITs distribution industry in our country. The REITs distribution industry was introduced in 2001 to accelerate the corporate restructuring process and advance the real estate market. During its establishment, the REITs distribution industry faced difficulties; however, the industry grew rapidly through interest from institutional investors, thus mitigating the establishment problems by 2006. In Korea, more than 108 REITs were operating as of the end of June 2015. REITs contribute significantly to the national economy. The economic impacts on the national economy of the REITs distribution industry was analyzed using input-output (I-O) analysis with respect to production, imports, value-added, and employment. Research design, data, and methodology - The research used an I-O analysis of the activities of the REITs distribution industry in the national economy. The I-O analysis methodology analyzes the economic effects that influence other industries with respect to one unit of external investment. The data for this analysis were the I-O table of 2013 as published by the Bank of Korea in 2014. Results - The findings of this study are as follows. First, if an external input to the REITs distribution industry is 1 won, the overall impact of the product is 1.3869 won, the import induction is 0.0002 won, and the value-added induction is 0.7656 won. A new investment of 659.9 billion won into the REITs industry was estimated to produce a gross effect of 915.2 billion won. Second, if an external input to the REITs distribution industry is 1 billion won, the employment-inducing effects are estimated at 19.6394 individuals. The employment-inducing coefficient of 19.6394 for the REITs distribution industry indicates that the industry created significant employment-more than other industries-because the coefficient was 2.2 times the 2013 industry average employment-inducing coefficient of 8.8. Third, the investment effects of the REITs distribution industry on production induction, value-added induction, and employment induction are assumed to be large in business support services, financing, communications and broadcasting, and professional, scientific, and technical services. Conclusions - The REITs distribution industry was analyzed as having a strong employment inducing, high value added effect. The REITs distribution industry is an excellent alternative for the government authority to create multilateral jobs. Because the REITs distribution industry has a significant positive impact on the national economy, it should be developed. However, the I-O methodology has restrictions with respect to the fixation and timing of the input coefficient. Follow-up research is expected to supplement the analysis method at a specific point in time.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.264-271
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• 2011

Purpose: This study evaluated retrospectively the postsurgical facial hard tissue profile of a Le Fort I osteotomy with/without posterior impaction and rigid internal fixation to correct mandibular prognathism. After observing a difference between the two groups, this measurement was used to prepare a treatment plan for 2-jaw surgery. Patients and Methods: Thirty patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Pusan National University Dental Hospital were enrolled in this study. Fifteen patients were treated using a Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction and mandibular setback bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, and the other fifteen patients were treated without posterior impaction. The preoperative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1) and six-month follow-up period (T2) cephalograms were taken and difference between T1-T0 and T2-T2 was analyzed. Results: Both groups was FH-ABp, SNB and ANB showed significant changes in the measurement, whereas only the posterior impaction group showed a change in the SN-U1, occlusal plane, posterior facial height, surgical movement difference from the L1 and B-point. There was no significant statistical change between the immediate postoperative (T1) and six-month follow-up (T2) hard tissue analysis in the two groups. Conclusion: A Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction is considerable for patients with a flat occlusal plane angle, large posterior facial height, prominent B-point, pogonion and labioversed incisal inclination if the indications are well chosen.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2009

Background: With the advances of cardiac surgery, the demand for an artificial prosthesis has increased, and this has led to the development and utilization of diverse alternative materials. We conducted this research to improve an artificial prosthesis by examining the changes of the physical qualities, the pressure related tensile strength, the change in elasticity and the thermostability of a xenograft valve (porcine) and pericardium (bovine, porcine) based on the type of fixation liquid we used. Material and Method: The xenograft valves and pericardium were assigned into three groups: the untreated group, the fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) group and the glutaraldehyde with GA+solvent such as ethanol etc. group. The surgeons carried out each group's physical activities. Each group's uniaxial tension and elasticity was measured and compared. Thermostability testing was conducted and compared between the bovine and porcine pericardium fixed with GA group and the GA+solvent group. Result: On the physical activity test in the surgeon's hand, no significant difference between the groups was sensed on palpation. For suture and tension, the GA+solvent group was slightly firmer than the low GA concentration group. In general, the circumferential uniaxial tension and elasticity of the porcine aortic and pulmonary valves were better in the fixed groups than that in the untreated group. There was no significant difference between the GA and GA+solvent groups (p>0.05). Bovine and porcine pericardium also showed no significant difference between the GA group and the GA+solvent group (p>0.05). When comparing between the groups for each experiment, the elasticity tended to be stronger in most of the higher GA concentration group (porcine pulmonary valve, porcine pericardium). On the thermostability testing of the bovine and porcine pericardium, the GA group and the G+solvent group both had a sudden shrinking point at $80^{\circ}C$ that showed no difference (bovine pericardium: p=0.057, porcine pericardium: p=0.227). Conclusion: When fixing xenograft prosthetic devices with GA, adding a solvent did not cause a loss in pressure-tension, tension-elasticity and thermostability. In addition, more functional solvents or cleansers should be developed for developing better xenografts.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.113-127
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the stability of counterclockwise rotation of mandible by sagittal split ramus osteotomy to correct the skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior open bite. Twenty five skeletal Class III open bite patients(mean age 20.6 years) who were treated by the sagittal split ramus osteotonues with rigid fixation were examined in this study. Cephalometric radiographs were taken for each Patients Preoperative(T1), ewly Postoperative(T2), and late postoperative Period(T3). Mean postoperative period was 8.0 months. Cephalometric analysis was done and data from T1, T2, and T3 were analyzed statistically by Paired t-test and Pearson correlation analysis. The following results were obtained. 1. Mandibular plane angle decreased $2.9^{\circ}$ and mandibular occlusal plane angle related to SN Plane decreased $2.7^{\circ}$ after orthognathic surgery(T2). At 6 months after orthognathic surgery(T3), mandibular plane angle increased $1.0^{\circ}$, but mandibular occlusal plane angle did not changed. 2. The amount of horizontal relapse long time after orthognathic surgery(T3) was 1.6 mm at B point and it was $22\%$ of the total posterior movements. There was no vertical relapse in the anterior facial height. 3. The related factor with horizontal relapse at late postoperative period was mandibular plane angle(p<0.01). The related factors with decreasing posterior facial height were amount of mandibular setback(p<0.01), increasing of mandibular ramus height(p<0.01), and decrease of the mandibular plane angle during operation(p<0.01). 4. There was no relationship between the amount of changes in mandibular occlusal plan angle during operation and the amount of relapse after surgery.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to retrospectively evaluate the postsurgical initial stability of the Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction and rigid internal fixation for the correction of mandibular prognathism with midface deficiency. Particular attention was paid to the magnitude and direction of the initial postsurgical change. Methods: 20 healthy patients with mandibular prognathism and midface deficiency participated in this study. All patients underwent Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction and mandibular setback BSSO by one surgeon. Preoperative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1) and follow-up period (T2) cephalograms were taken and analyzed. Change between T0~T1 and T1~T2 was measured and analyzed. Results: Between T0~T1, significant differences were observed in all measurements except the ANS point and mandibular plane angle. Between T1~T2, only the occlusal plane angle was significantly changed. No significant changes were found in all other measurements. Conclusion: This study indicates that Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction is stable at initial stages. Although changes in the occlusal plane angle were observed, it was caused by tooth movement after post-operative orthodontic treatment. However, more studies with larger samples are required to form definitive conclusions. Conclusion: This study indicates that Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction is stable at initial stages. Although changes in the occlusal plane angle were observed, it was caused by tooth movement after post-operative orthodontic treatment. However, more studies with larger samples are required to form definitive conclusions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

Nitrogen budgets in Korea in 2005 were estimated using a mass balance approach. Major nitrogen fluxes were divided into three sections: cities, agricultural area, and forest. Nitrogen inputs were chemical and biological fixation, dry and wet deposition, imported food and feed, while crop uptake, volatilization, denitrification, leaching, runoff, and forest consumption were nitrogen outputs. Non-point source(NPS) pollution budgets were also estimated by mass balance approach. Annual total nitrogen inputs budgets were 1,442,254 ton$\cdot$yr$^{-1}$, and outputs were 814,415 ton$\cdot$yr$^{-1}$. Approximately 19.4% of nitrogen input leaked to river and seawater as NPS pollution. It contains nitrogen input 21 percent more than the previous research in 2002. Especially the change of government plans affect nitrogen budget. As a result, in the output field, the whole nitrogen amount due to landfill reduce from 20 percent to less than 1 percent.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.763-770
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• 2012

The purposes of this work were to assess the cognition of the registered nurse(RN) on oral and maxillofacial emergency treatment and to compare cognition of the RN with that of the 119 emergency medical technician(EMT). 450 RNs who were working at each of secondary hospitals in Jeju province had responded to the questionnaire. Independent sample t-test and chi-square test were used to assess the state of RN on dental emergency treatment and to compare RN with EMT. The question 'education time on dentistry in formal education' that marked '0 hour' and '1-3 hours' were 73.3% and 20.0%, respectively. The question 'refresher training class on dentistry' that marked '0 hour' and '1-3 hours' were 92.9% and 6.7%, aggregately 99.6%. The results showed low score in the question 'reduction of temporo-mandibular joint(TMJ)'($1.67{\pm}0.857$), 'fixation of dislocated TMJ'($1.70{\pm}0.853$) and 'post-avulsed tooth treatment'($1.78{\pm}0.774$) by 5-point Likert scale. Likewise, the scores were $2.02{\pm}0.806$ in the question 'treatment of maxillofacial trauma', $2.76{\pm}1.061$ in the question 'emergent care of avulsed tooth', $2.70{\pm}1.095$ in the question 'treatment time of avulsed tooth' and $2.79{\pm}1.056$ in the question 'mouth guard', respectively. Compared to EMT, results of RN showed a statistically lower figure(p<0.05) in all items compared except the question 'medicine control', and the question 'doctor care in emergency room' was borderline(p=0.069). From this study, it is necessary for RN and student of nursing science to be educated on the oral and maxillofacial emergency treatment for the initial management of injuries. Authors suggest further co-study and nation-wide research with nursing care.