• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2017

Lacquer has been used as a natural paint or adhesive in Korea since 2nd century B.C. It has been found to have been used as an adhesive as mentioned in old records and as seen in excavated relics, It was also mixed with flour, animal glue, or fish glue to produce lacquer adhesives. Qualitative analysis and evaluation of the applicability of lacquer and additives was performed in this study. The results of EGA analysis for lacquer additives confirmed that the pyrolysis temperature of lacquer, glucose glue, and animal glue. On the basis of this result, raw lacquer sample was checked that pyrolysis product that originated from urushiol side chain (R group). Components originating from glucose and amino acid were detected in glutinous rice paste and animal glue samples. In this study, the optimum pyrolysis temperature for each lacquer and additive mixture was determined from basic qualitative analysis data. By performing the qualitative analysis of each mixture, the applicability of this technique for analyzing real relics was evaluated.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1999

Enzymatic hydrolysis with tuna pyloric caeca crude enzyme(TPCCE) was performed to recover a protein hydrolysate from hoki frame, fish processing by-product. Optimum hydrolytic conditions were pH 10.0, temperature $50^{\circ}C$, and incubation time 12 hrs, and then the degree of hydrolysis was about 60%. The yield of the hydrolysate from hoki frame by enzymatic hydrolysis was approximately 77% on a dry weight basis. The prepared protein hydrolysates were also fractionated through a series of 30, 10, 5 and 1 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes in order to investigate the effect of their functionalities according to the difference of their molecular size. As the result of studying functionalities of the hydrolysates, 1 K hydrolysate showed the highest solubility over all pHs, and 30 and 10 K hydrolysate showed more excellent emulsifying property and whippability than the other hydrolysates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.661-671
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• 1993

The change in fatty acid composition in brain tissue of the second generation rats(Sprague-Dawley strain) was studied using four different fat diets(Corn oil=CO, Soybean oil=SO, Perilla oil=PO, Fish oil=FO, 10% by Wt). The experimental diets were started from pregnancy in four different groups, each consisting of 9 rats. The seound generation rats were fed the same diet as their mothers. Animals were anesthetized with ether at 0, 3, 9 & 16 weeks of age. Whole brains were dissected out, brain tissues were, then, homogenized and lipids were extracted from brain tissues. The fatty acid compositions were measured after methylation by gas-liquid chromatography at 0, 3, 9 and 16 weeks of age of offspring. The changes in the relative concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) or more specifically docosahexaenoic acid(22 : 6, $\omega$3, DHA), the major $\omega$3 fatty acid component in rat brain at different age were similar to changes in the amount of DNA in brain tissue showing the maximum value during the lactation. The changes in saturated fatty acid(SFA) content showed a contrasting patten to those of PUFA, while monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) increased steadily throughout the experimental period. At birth, the relative concentrations of $\omega$3 series fatty acids the relative concentrations of PUFA, MUFA and SFA converged to very similar values respectively regardless of the dietary fatty acid compositions. In brain tissue, it is of value to note that while changes in relative concentrations of linoleic acid (18 : 2, $\omega$6, LA) and arachidonic acid(20 : 4, $\omega$6, AA) showed a precursor-product-like relationship, $\alpha$-linolenic acid(18 : 3, $\omega$3, $\alpha$-LnA) and DHA showed a different pattern. Even when the $\omega$3 fatty acid content in very low in maternal diet(CO), the second generation rat brain tissues appeared to secure DHA content, suggesting an essential role of this fatty acid in the brain. The fact that a large amount of $\alpha$-LnA in the maternal diet did not have a significant effect on the second generation rat brain $\alpha$-LnA content, indicated that DHA seemed essential component for the brain development in our experimental condition. In all groups, the relative content of $\alpha$-LnA in the brain tissues remained relatively constant throughout the experimental period at the very low level. The study of the specific concentrations and essential role(s) of DHA in each parts of brain tissue is needed in more details.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.302-316
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• 2023

Objectives: The study aim was to identify changes in the nutritional status of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic according to household income and demographic characteristics. Methods: Study participants were 2,408 adults aged 65 and over who participated in the 2019-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). To examine changes in nutrient intake levels resulting from COVID-19, data of 2019 and of 2020 were compared. Study participants were divided into three groups based on household income level to compare these changes. The changes were compared according to household income level, age group, and household type. Results: Percentages of recommended intakes for energy, protein, and most micronutrients were the lowest for the low-income group of both males and females in 2020. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) score was the lowest for the low-income group in both years. When comparing nutrient density for 2019 and 2020 by income group, the male low-income group experienced a decrease in nutrient densities of vitamin A, thiamine, calcium, and iron. For the same group, a decreased percentage for energy intake from protein was noted. Fruit intake was lowest in the low-income group for both males and females. Low-income males had the lowest intake levels for meat, fish, eggs, and legumes in both 2019 and 2020 and the lowest milk and milk product intake levels in 2020. Older adults living alone or single older adults with children had lower MAR scores than those living with a spouse. Older adults living alone experienced decreases in energy and thiamine and iron intake levels in 2020 compared to their intake levels in 2019. Conclusions: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrition intake levels worsened for older adult males in the low-income group and older adults living alone. This finding shows the need for a more systematic nutritional support strategy for the vulnerable older adults population in national disaster situations.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2009

This study investigated the occurrence of residues derived animals produced during the process of slaughter and the subsequent channels of processing those residues derived animals; the status of recycling of these residues derived animals by recycling business is investigated to utilize the results as the basic data for management purposes. At present, animal slaughter is highly specialized and the residues derived animals obtained from the slaughter of animals are separated and dissected into different parts to serve as fodder and residual compost. Some of the residues derived animals obtained from slaughter, which are edible are utilized for edible purposes and those parts which are not edible such as horns, claws, fats etc. are confirmed to be recycled. Poultry residues derived animals are mostly recycled as single-component feed, used as original forms, residual compost whereas fish remains are recycled mostly as singlecomponent feed etc. Most of the companies that recycle residues derived animals are situated in provinces such as Jeollanamdo, Jeollabukdo, Gyeongsangnamdo, Gyeongsangbukdo, where many of the slaughterhouses are located. And many of these recylcing business find themselves in the vicinity of these slaughterhouse. Majority of these slaughterhouse are capable of processing residues derived animals in the range of 10~60 ton/day, which is quite small in terms of processing capacity. The problem encountered in the recycling of the residues derived animals is the occurrence of foul smell caused by the decomposition, for which appropriate measures have to be taken. The residues derived animals are on many occasions directly collected and transported to save costs and secure required amount of residues derived animals.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

This study investigates the changes in inorganic composition and the microbial counts during the process of fermentation of mixed domestic organic resources for the development of alternatives for imported oil cake, and examines the characteristics of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer (MFOF). The effect of the MFOF on the lettuce growth is investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of replacing the existing mixed oil cake with the MFOF. Six kinds of domestic by-product resources, which are rice bran, distiller's dried grains, sesame meal, fish meal, and spent mushroom substrate, are mixed by mixing ratio and the composition was analyzed during the fermentation process for 90 days under moisture content 30% and sealed condition. During the 90 days of fermentation, the pH change of the MFOF was little, and the moisture content was maintained at 34-35% until the 60^th day of fermentation, and then decreased to 30-31% on the 90^th day. Total nitrogen content remained unchanged during the fermentation period, but total carbon content showed a significant difference on the 21^st day of fermentation. It was confirmed that the content of fertilizer composition (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash) of the MFOF was 8.7% or more, which is suitable for the minimum amount standard of the main nutrients to be contained in the organic fertilizer. During the fermentation process of organic fertilizer, the density of bacteria and actinomycetes increased until 60 days and 30 days, respectively, and thereafter little changes were shown, and fungal population showed an increasing trend. As a result of lettuce cultivation test in the greenhouse by applying the MFOF, the growth and yield were comparable to that of using the existing mixed oil cake fertilizer when 100% was applied based on crop standard nitrogen fertilizer level. The use of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer made with domestic by-product resources can be used for use in farms in the future and is expected to contribute to the stable production of environment friendly agricultural products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1062-1067
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• 2018

Reliable labeling of fish products can reassure consumers regarding the identity and quality of seafoods. Therefore, techniques that can identify adulteration or mislabeling are valuable. To rapidly identify two Trachurus species, Trachurus japonicus and Trachurus novaezelandiae, a highly efficient, rapid, duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) having two species-specific primers simultaneously was identified. This species-specific primer focused on a single nucleotide mismatch in the 3'-terminal base of a primer designed in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI) subunit I DNA. To optimize the duplex PCR condition, gradient PCR reactions were conducted to determine the primer annealing temperature and the primer concentration. The PCR's product was observed on the gel, suggesting that DNA molecules may be useful in differentiating the two species. The length of the amplification fragments were 103 bp for Trachurus japonicus and 214 bp for Trachurus novaezelandiae, which, along with the species-specific primer visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, enabled accurate distinction of the species of the Trachurus genus. These results indicate that the duplex PCR, which has a species-specific primer based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), can be useful for rapidly differentiating the two species of Trachurus. This duplex PCR analysis is simple, rapid, and reliable, and could be beneficial to protecting consumers' rights.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1980

Yellow sea bream, Branchiostegus japonicus, has been one of the widely consumed food fish in Jeju-Do, Korea. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating changes of taste compounds of the yellow sea bream during dehydration. The free amino acids were analysed by amino acid autoanalyser. The free amino acid composition of the raw yellow sea bream, abundant amino acids were lysine, alanine, threonine and arginine and then taurine, serine, proline, glycine, glutamic acid, leucine in order. Such amino acids as valine, methionine, tyrosine, isoleucine, phenylalanine were poor in content. The changes of free anino acid composition in the extract of the yellow sea bream during dehydration was not found. In the extract of dried product, lysine, alanine, glutamic acid and arginine were dominant holding $18.4\%,\;14.7\%\;8.0\%\;and\;7.3\%$ and $7.3\%$ of total amino acids respectively. The amount of total free amino acids of the yellow sea bream increased to more than 1.4 times during dehydration process, that of raw sample especially aspartic and glutamic acids increased to more than 2.9 times and 2. 1 times whereas taurine and histidine decreased ranging $40-50\%$ of the original content. It is presumed that the characteristic flavor of dried yellow sea bream was attributed to such amino acids like lysine and alanine known as sweet compounds, glutamic acid as meaty taste and TMAO known as plain sweet taste.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1834-1845
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• 2018

The lactobacilli associated with a fermented goat milk product from Tajikistan were isolated to characterize their technological properties and antibiotic resistances in order to assess their suitability for development as starter cultures. In this study, twenty three strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as typical dairy-associated lactic acid bacterial strains, i.e. L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus and L. paracasei. These strains were generally susceptible to most antibiotics tested in this study and this allowed a selection of strains as safe starters. The draft genomes of four representative strains were sequenced and the number of contigs of the four assembled genomes ranged from 51 to 245 and the genome sizes ranged from 1.75 to 3.24 Mbp. These representative strains showed differences in their growth behavior and pH-reducing abilities in in vitro studies. The co-inoculation of these Lactobacillus spp. strains together with a yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus MBT-5698, or together with the yeast and an additional Streptococcus thermophilus MBT-2, led to a pH reduction to 3.4 after 48 h. Only in the case of fermentation inoculated with the co-culture, the viscosity of the milk increased noticeably. In contrast, fermentations with single strains did not lead to gelation of the milk or to a decrease in the pH after 24h. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the predominant lactobacilli related to Tajikistani fermented milk products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.743-749
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the microencapsulatuion of ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid isolated from fish oil and to obtain fundamental information on the utilization of the ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid in the dairy foods field. To obtain the desirable microencapsulation efficiency, 1.5% agar and 0.5% gelatin were used as coating materials, and 0.5% SFAN 60 (HLB 4.5 value) was used to maintain the emulsion stability. The optimal mixing ratio of coating material to core material was 8:2 (w/w). The thermostability of microencapsulated product was not maintained above $60^{\circ}C$. Microencapsulation efficiency was kept at about 90% at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ for 7 days storage at various temperatures. At $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, however, about 80% microencapsulatuion efficiency was obtained for 3 days storage. About 80.57% microcapsule was destroyed by 1%> pepsin solution at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 min.