• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2020

Background: The out-of-pocket maximum is one of the distinctive healthcare systems which sets a ceiling on co-payment in order to reduce the burden of households from the unpredictable medical expenditure. However, this leads to an increase in the demand for healthcare services especially in long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) in Korea. Methods: This study analyzed the influence factor of medical service overuse of 165,592 inpatients in LTCHs which out-of-pocket maximum is applied, by utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Service (2016). Based on Anderson Model, the medical service overuse, as a dependent variable, was defined as long-stay admission more than 180 days at the LTCHs. Independent variable was comprised of predisposing factors (gender, age), enabling factors (income level, types of out-of-pocket maximum) and need factors (illness level, patient use of tertiary hospital). Results: The most powerful factor of medical service overuse in LTCHs was availability of pre-payment for the out-of-maximum (odds ratio [OR], 191.66; p<0.001). This tendency was found in high income level status (p<0.001). Furthermore, mild inpatients (OR, 1.50; p<0.001) which had no experience with the tertiary hospitals (OR, 2.06; p<0.001) were more relevant to the medical service overuse in LTCHs, compared to the severe inpatients. Conclusion: It is suggested that a separate standard of out-of pocket maximum with regards to LTCHs is required to secure the beneficial functions of long-term hospitals and prevent unnecessary financial leakage to achieve sustainable and financially sound National Health Insurance.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Purpose - Currently, the economic globalization has become a common channel for China's enterprise to perform the international economic activities. Due to this background, this paper tries to analyze the influence of internationalization level on operation performance of enterprises. Research design, data, and Methodology - This paper aims at 296 companies going listed in Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The data about the listed companies during the 12 years from 2005 to 2016 have been collected. Relevant theories, including the theory of comparative advantage, monopolistic advantage and product life cycle in developed countries as well as the small scale technology and state on localized technological capacities in developing countries, have been summarized to provide theoretical basis for the influence of international operation on operation performance of the enterprises. Moreover, the current status of international operation of China's enterprises, including the dynamic cause of the internationalization of China's enterprises, its competitive advantage and disadvantage as well as the interest and potential risk of the internationalization, have been also analyzed. Results - Via adopting the panel data to conduct an empirical analysis, It can be found that the relationship between international operation level and operation performance of China's enterprises can be expressed as the S-curve of declining, rising and declining again. Conclusions - This paper has taken the lead in using Ohlson corporate value model to fill the gap in the relevant researches in China. It can also provide guidance for the international operation of China's enterprises. Meanwhile, the two systems for international operation and performance evaluation index have been put forward. The performance of international operation can be classified as financial performance or corporate value so that the operation effect of those China's enterprises going abroad can be better evaluated.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.191-203
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• 2023

This paper analyzed the overall status of the domestic freight transportation business, established SWOT analysis and strategy through existing literature research and designed an AHP model to derive priorities for each strategy. The SWOT analysis analyzed the management model of the consignment borrowers belonging to a transportation company that did not handle the supplies with the lowest satisfaction with the consignment system. The AHP model was designed by establishing a SWOT strategy through SWOT analysis. As a result of the analysis of the upper class, priorities were derived in the order of WO strategy, SO strategy, ST strategy, and WT strategy. As a result of comprehensive priorities for the development strategy of the domestic freight transportation business, WO strategy's "Improvement of cooperative relations between transportation companies and consignment owners through fair consignment contracts" was first, SO strategy's "Public promotion of the necessity of consignment systems based on high economic feasibility and reliability" was second, and ST strategy's "Proposal of policies to strengthen financial performance through the introduction of freight transport platforms" was fourth, followed by WT strategy's "Improvement of satisfaction with transport services through the introduction of freight transport platforms" and SO strategy's "Expansion of safe freight systems" in sixth, respectively.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.12
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• pp.137-160
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• 2003

The association between accounting earnings and the stock price of an entity is the subject that has been most heavily researched during the past 25 years in accounting literature. Researcher's common finding is that there are positive relationships between accounting earnings and stock prices. However, the explanatory power of accounting earnings which was measured by $R^2$ of regression functions used was rather low. To be connected with these low results, The prior studies propose that there will be additional information, errors in variables. This study investigates empirically determinants of earnings response coefficients(ERCs), which measure the correlation between earnings and stock prices, using earnings level / change, as the dependent variable in the return/earnings regression. Specifically, the thesis tests whether the factors such as earnings persistence, growth, systematic risk, image, information asymmetry and firm size. specially, the determinable variables of ERC are explained in detail. The image / information asymmetry variables are selected to be connected with additional information stand point, The debt / growth variables are selected to be connected with errors in variables. In this study, The sample of firms, listed in Korean Stock Exchange was drawn from the KIS-DATA and was required to meet the following criteria: (1) Annual accounting earnings were available over the 1986-1999 period on the KIS-FAS to allow computation of variables parameter; (2) sufficient return data for estimation of market model parameters were available on the KIS-SMAT month returns: (3) each firm had a fiscal year ending in December throughout the study period. Implementation of these criteria yielded a sample of 1,141 firm-year observation over the 10-year(1990-1999) period. A conventional regression specification would use stock returns(abnormal returns) as a dependent variable and accounting earnings(unexpected earnings) changes interacted with other factors as independent variables. In this study, I examined the relation between other factors and the RRC by using reverse regression. For an empirical test, eight hypotheses(including six lower-hypotheses) were tested. The results of the performed empirical analysis can be summarized as follows; The first, The relationship between persistence of earnings and ERC have significance of each by itself, this result accord with one of the prior studies. The second, The relationship between growth and ERC have not significance. The third, The relationship between image and ERC have significance of each by itself, but a forecast code doesn't present. This fact shows that image cost does not effect on market management share, is used to prevent market occupancy decrease. The fourth, The relationship between information asymmetry variable and ERC have significance of each by. The fifth, The relationship between systematic risk$(\beta)$ and ERC have not significance. The sixth, The relationship between debt ratio and ERC have significance of each by itself, but a forecast code doesn't present. This fact is judged that it is due to the effect of financial leverage effect and a tendency of interest.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.169-184
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• 2016

Deferred tax assets (liability) in a company's financial statements are to reflect the temporary difference between taxable income and accounting income and therefore can provide useful information as a proxy for discretionary accruals. In addition, deferred tax assets allow a company to manage its earnings by reviewing the feasibility of the assets' recognition. As such, this study focused on deferred tax assets to examine their relationship with discretionary accruals, which were measured by a modified Jones model (Dechow et al. 1995), and investigated the impact of audit quality on this relationship. In order to control for the effects of tax rate change and measurement credibility, deferred tax assets of 2,670 non-financial firms from 2009 to 2010 were collected as samples for the study. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, the samples as a whole indicated that deferred tax assets have a negative relationship with discretionary accruals in a general sense, but a high-quality audit did not reveal a significant relationship between them. Second, the 1,379 samples with negative discretionary accruals did not reveal a significant relationship between deferred tax assets and discretionary accruals; however, the result showed a significant negative relationship under a high-quality audit. These findings suggest that in the case of negative discretionary accruals, a high-quality audit restricts an earnings management technique that utilizes deferred tax assets and that the assets can be a useful tool for detecting discretionary accruals. The present study is meaningful in that, unlike previous research, it combined the two contrasting roles of deferred tax assets-that of an earnings management detector and an earnings management tool-to examine their general relationship. The study also suggested that audit quality could influence the usefulness of deferred tax assets in providing information on discretionary accruals.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

We analyzed the international comovements and structural changes in the quarterly real GDP by the Markov-switching vector autoregressive model (MS-VAR) from 1971(1) to 2016(1). The main results of this study were as follows. First, the business cycle phenomenon that occurs in the models or individual time series in real GDP has been grasped through the MS-VAR models. Unlike previous studies, this study showed the significant comovements, asymmetry and structural changes in the MS-VAR model using a real GDP across countries. Second, even if there was a partial difference, there were remarkable structural changes in the economy contraction regime(recession), such as 1988(2) ending the global oil shock crisis and 2007(3) starting the global financial crisis by the MS-VAR model. Third, large-scale structural changes were generated in the economic expansion and/or contraction regime simultaneously among countries. We found that the second world oil shocks that occurred after the first global oil shocks of 1973 and 1974 were the main reasons that caused the large-scale comovements of the international real GDP among countries. In addition, the spillover between Korea and 5 countries has been weak during the Asian currency crisis from 1997 to 1999, but there was strong transmission between Korea and 5 countries at the end of 2007 including the period of the global financial crisis. Fourth, it showed characteristics that simultaneous correlation appeared to be high due to the country-specific shocks generated for each country with the regime switching using real GDP since 1973. Thus, we confirmed that conclusions were consistent with a number of theoretical and empirical evidence available, and the macro-economic changes were mainly caused by the global shocks for the past 30 years. This study found that the global business cycles were due to large-scale asymmetric shocks in addition to the general changes, and then showed the main international comovements and/or structural changes through country-specific shocks.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.373-388
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• 2018

Recently, the importance of technological innovation has increased for securing competitiveness and for the survival of companies. On the other hand, obstacles that enterprises face during the course of technological innovation have diversified. Through prior studies, various innovation sources and government support systems are considered important factors in resolving these obstacles as well as securing technological innovation and competitiveness. However, these studies face criticism concerning various relationships between the influencing factors and the use of simple causal models. In this study, the effects on performance were analyzed based on a structural equation model. For analysis, 1,251 observed values were collected from the "2014 Korean Innovation Survey: Manufacturing Sector". Results found that obstacles to technological innovation in terms of fund, capacity and market promote the use of innovation sources and government support programs. On the other hand, various innovation sources and government support systems utilized by corporations have positively influenced technological innovation performance. As expected, among these obstacles, financial limitation had the greatest negative effect on innovation.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.21-39
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• 2020

Recently, deep learning has shown high performance in various applications such as pattern analysis and image classification. Especially known as a difficult task in the field of machine learning research, stock market forecasting is an area where the effectiveness of deep learning techniques is being verified by many researchers. This study proposed a deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to predict the direction of stock prices. We then used the feature selection method to improve the performance of the model. We compared the performance of machine learning classifiers against CNN. The classifiers used in this study are as follows: Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Adaboost, Bagging, and Random Forest. The results of this study confirmed that the CNN showed higher performancecompared with other classifiers in the case of feature selection. The results show that the CNN model effectively predicted the stock price direction by analyzing the embedded values of the financial data

• Information Systems Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-59
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• 2018

This study analyzed the factors that affect acceptance of online direct marketing in agricultural companies. Empirical analysis was conducted using the research model based on the individual's technology acceptance model (TAM) and the information technology adoption models in organizations. These models have four dimensions: 1) technology characteristics, which include perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of TAM 2) CEO characteristics, which including the innovativeness and IT capability of CEOs; 3) organizational readiness, which include financial, technological, and human resources capabilities and 4) environment and external pressure, which include government support and changes to the Internet environment. These concepts were empirically tested. A total of 209 valid data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis through the application of structural equation modeling. Results show that perceived usefulness, IT capability of CEOs, and changes to the Internet environment have significant effects on the adoption intention of online direct marketing. However, perceived ease of use, CEO innovativeness, government support, and the variables of organizational readiness dimension did not have significant effects on adoption intention. This study suggests practical implications for adoption of online direct marketing in agricultural companies.