• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2014

섬유보강 콘크리트의 균열 후 인장 거동을 예측하기 위해서는 균열면에 걸쳐 있는 섬유의 개수를 산정하는 섬유분포계수를 합리적으로 예측하는 것이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 원형단면에서의 섬유분포계수를 분석하기 위해, 콘크리트 압축강도, 단면 크기, 섬유 종류 및 섬유혼입률 등을 변수로 강섬유보강 콘크리트 공시체를 제작하였으며, 제작한 공시체들을 타설 방향에 수직인 방향으로 절단한 후, 절단된 원형 단면에서의 섬유 개수로부터 섬유분포계수를 측정하였다. 측정 결과, 섬유가 타설면에 평행하게 분포할 확률이 증가함에 따라 실제 원형단면에서의 섬유분포계수가 일반적으로 알려진 0.5보다 작은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 단위 면적 당 섬유 개수가 증가할수록 섬유분포계수가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 논문에서는 원형단면에서의 섬유분포계수를 합리적으로 예측하기 위해 섬유가 분포할 수 있는 각을 기하학적으로 분석하고, 이로부터 상세 모델과 단순화한 식을 유도하였다. 제안된 모델과 실험에서 측정된 섬유분포계수를 비교한 결과, 제안된 모델이 실제 원형단면에서의 섬유분포계수를 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구로부터 확보된 실험 결과 및 제안 모델은 향후 원형단면을 지닌 섬유보강 콘크리트 기둥 부재 등의 구조적 거동 연구에 매우 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권4A호
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• pp.577-585
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 비선형 전단변형을 고려할 수 있는 Timoshenko보 이론을 정식화 하였다. 제안된 모델은 전단변형을 고려하므로서 짧은 기둥이나 전단 지배 기둥에서 일반적인 Bernoulli보 이론 보다 합리적인 결과를 보여준다. 단면은 층상화 모델을 이용하였으며, 층상화 단면 모델은 단면을 분활하여 소성화 진행과정을 관찰할 수 있으며 축력과 모멘트의 상호작용을 알 수 있다. 정식화한 요소는 일반적인 철근 콘크리트 부재의 해석을 위해 유한요소 프로그램에 적용하였다. 철근콘크리트 기둥의 해석을 실험결과와 비교하였고, 철근콘크리트 기둥에 대한 거동특성을 분석하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2017

A meso-scale model is proposed to study filament-wound composites with fiber undulations and crossovers. First, the crossover and undulation region is classified as the circumferential undulation and the helical undulation. Next, the two undulations are separately regarded as a series of sub-models to describe the meso-structure of undulations by using meso-parameters such as fiber orientation, fiber inclination angle, resin rich area, fiber volume fraction and bundle cross section. With the meso-structure model and the classic laminate theory, a method for calculating the stiffness of filament wound composites is eventually established. The effects of the fiber inclination angle, the fiber and resin volume fraction and the resin rich area on the stiffness are studied. The numerical results show that the elastic moduli for the circumferential undulation region decrease to a great extent as compared with that of the helical undulation region. Moreover, significant decrease in the elastic and shear moduli and increase in the Poisson's ratio are also found for the resin rich area. In addition, thickness and bundle section have evident effect on the equivalent stiffness of the fiber crossover and the undulation region.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.173-190
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• 2012

With recent growing interests in the Performance-Based Seismic Design and Assessment Methodology, more realistic modeling of a structural system is deemed essential in analyzing, designing, and evaluating both newly constructed and existing buildings under seismic events. Consequently, a shallow foundation element becomes an essential constituent in the implementation of this seismic design and assessment methodology. In this paper, a contact interface fiber section element is presented for use in modeling soil-shallow foundation systems. The assumption of a rigid footing on a Winkler-based soil rests simply on the Euler-Bernoulli's hypothesis on sectional kinematics. Fiber section discretization is employed to represent the contact interface sectional response. The hyperbolic function provides an adequate means of representing the stress-deformation behavior of each soil fiber. The element is simple but efficient in representing salient features of the soil-shallow foundation system (sliding, settling, and rocking). Two experimental results from centrifuge-scale and full-scale cyclic loading tests on shallow foundations are used to illustrate the model characteristics and verify the accuracy of the model. Based on this comprehensive model validation, it is observed that the model performs quite satisfactorily. It resembles reasonably well the experimental results in terms of moment, shear, settlement, and rotation demands. The hysteretic behavior of moment-rotation responses and the rotation-settlement feature are also captured well by the model.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.333-347
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• 2014

Multi-scale model can take both computational efficiency and accuracy into consideration when it is used to conduct elasto-plastic seismic response analysis for complex steel bridges. This paper proposed a method based on pushover analysis of member sharing the same section pattern to verify the accuracy of multi-scale model. A deck-through type steel arch bridge with a span length of 200m was employed for seismic response analysis using multi-scale model and fiber model respectively, the validity and necessity of elasto-plastic seismic analysis for steel bridge by multi-scale model was then verified. The results show that the convergence of load-displacement curves obtained from pushover analysis for members having the same section pattern can be used as a proof of the accuracy of multi-scale model. It is noted that the computational precision of multi-scale model can be guaranteed when length of shell element segment is 1.40 times longer than the width of section where was in compression status. Fiber model can only be used for the predictions of the global deformations and the approximate positions of plastic areas on steel structures. However, it cannot give exact prediction on the distribution of plastic areas and the degree of the plasticity.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권 6호
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• pp.393-405
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• 2022

Lightweight concrete is a superior material due to its light weight and high strength. There however remain significant lacunae in engineering knowledge with regards to shear failure of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete beams. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the optimum usage of steel fibers in lightweight fiber reinforced concrete (LWFRC). Multi-scale finite element model calibrated with experimental results is developed to study the effect of steel fibers on the mechanical properties of LWFRC beams. To decrease the amount of steel fibers, it is preferred to reinforce only the middle section of the LWFRC beams, where the flexural stresses are higher. For numerical simulation, a multi-scale finite element model was developed. The cement matrix was modeled as homogeneous and uniform material and both steel fibers and lightweight coarse aggregates were randomly distributed within the matrix. Considering more realistic assumptions, the bonding between fibers and cement matrix was considered with the Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) and its parameters were determined using the model update method. Furthermore, conformity of Load-Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) curves obtained from numerical modeling and experimental test results of notched beams under center-point loading tests were investigated. Validating the finite element model results with experimental tests, the effects of fibers' volume fraction, and the length of the reinforced middle section, on flexural and residual strengths of LWFRC, were studied. Results indicate that using steel fibers in a specified length of the concrete beam with high flexural stresses, and considerable savings can be achieved in using steel fibers. Reducing the length of the reinforced middle section from 50 to 30 cm in specimens containing 10 kg/m3 of steel fibers, resulting in a considerable decrease of the used steel fibers by four times, whereas only a 7% reduction in bearing capacity was observed. Therefore, determining an appropriate length of the reinforced middle section is an essential parameter in reducing fibers, usage leading to more affordable construction costs.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.111-129
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• 2011

This paper presents a nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete column with lap splice confined by FRP wrapping in the critical hinging zone. The steel stress-slip model derived from the tri-uniform bond stress model presented in the companion paper is included in the nonlinear frame analysis to simulate the response of reinforced concrete columns subjected to cyclic displacement reversals. The nonlinear modeling is based on a fiber discretization of an RC column section. Each fiber is modeled as either nonlinear concrete or steel spring, whose load-deformation characteristics are calculated from the section of fiber and material properties. The steel spring that models the reinforcing bars consists of three sub-springs, i.e., steel bar sub-spring, lap splice spring, and anchorage bond-slip spring connected in series from top to bottom. By combining the steel stress versus slip of the lap splice, the stress-deformation of steel bar and the steel stress-slip of bars anchored into the footing, the nonlinear steel spring model is derived. The analytical responses are found to be close to experimental ones. The analysis without lap splice springs included may result in an erroneous overestimation in the strength and ductility of columns.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2005

This paper presents a numerical model developed to evaluate the load-deflection and moment-curvature relationship for concrete beams strengthened externally with four different Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite systems. The developed model considers the inelastic behavior of concrete section subjected to a combined axial force and bending moment. The model accounts for tensile strength of concrete as defined by the modulus of rupture of concrete. Based on the adopted material constitutive relations, the model evaluates the sectional curvature as a function of the applied axial load and bending moment. Deflections along the beam are evaluated using a finite difference technique taking into account support conditions. The developed numerical technique has been tested on a cantilever beam with a transverse load applied at its end. A study of the behavior of the beam with tension reinforcement compared to that with FRP areas giving an equivalent ultimate moment has been carried out. Moreover, cracking of the section in the tensile region at ultimate load has also been considered. The results indicated that beams reinforced with FRP systems possess more ductility than those reinforced with steel. This ductility, however, can be tuned by increasing the area of FRP or by combining different FRP layers.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2005

철근콘크리트 전단벽 또는 플랜지 구조물의 해석시 비선형으로 인한 거동을 해석하여 파괴거동을 좀더 명확하고 신뢰성있게 예측하고자 하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 콘크리트 응력-변형율 모델로는 Hognestad, Vallenas의 이론을 적용하고, 철근 응력-변형율 모델로는 Ramberg-Osgood 이론을 적용하였으며, 구속(confined) 및 비구속(unconfined)을 고려하여 비선형 해석을 수행하였다. 단면 해석 모델은 Mander가 제안한 층상화 단면해석을 적용하였고, 감마팩터를 고려한 새로운 변형율도를 이용하였다. 이러한 단면에 경계효과를 고려한 Boundary warping과 전단효과를 고려한 Shear warping 및 초기 균열을 고려한 경우(precracked)와 초기 균열이 발생하지 않은 경우(uncracked)로 구분하여 단면 해석을 시행하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2015

Reinforced concrete shear walls are effective for resisting lateral loads imposed by wind or earthquakes. Observed damages of the shear wall in recent earthquakes in Chile(2010) and New Zealand(2011) exceeded expectations. Various analytical models have been proposed in order to incorporate such response features in predicting the inelastic response of RC shear walls. However, the model has not been implemented into widely available computer programs, and has not been sufficiently calibrated with and validated against extensive experimental data at both local and global response levels. In this study, reinforced concrete shear walls were modeled with fiber slices, where cross section and reinforcement details of shear walls can be arranged freely. Nonlinear analysis was performed by adding nonlinear shear spring elements that can represent shear deformation. This analysis result will be compared with the existing experiment results. To investigate the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete shear walls, reinforced concrete single shear walls with rectangular wall cross section were selected. The analysis results showed that the yield strength of the shear wall was approximately the same value as the experimental results. However, the yielding displacement of the shear wall was still higher in the experiment than the analysis. The analytical model used in this study is available for the analysis of shear wall subjected to high axial forces.