• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.277-281
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• 1983

The chemical composition of Undaria pinnatifida Laver (U.P. Laver) were determind. 1. Proximate compositions of U.P. Laver were 22.1% crude protein, 1.3% crude fat, 10.2% crude ash, 66.4% N.F.E, 3 0% crude fiber and 22.8% alginic acid. 2. U.P. Laver protein was chiefly composed of glutamic acid (3.24%) and aspartic acid (2.22%) and considerable quantities of leucine (1.98%), alanine (1.56%), valine (1.32%), lysine (1.22%) and phenylalanine (1.15%). 3. The major fatty acid contents of the lipid extracted from U.P. Laver were linolenic acid (45.2%), palmitic acid (26.14%) and linoleic acid (11.27%) and the minor fatty acid were myristic acid (8.41%), oleic acid (8.11%), and stearic acid (0.87%), respectively. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acid ratio of the oil extracted from U.P. Laver was 35.42/64.58 4. The vitamin contents of U. P. Laver were $28.1{\mu}g/g$ niacin, $25.0{\mu}g/g$ vit. E, $18.8{\mu}g/g$ vit. C. The minerals were composed 1.52% calcium, 0.32% phosphorus, 0.88% magnesium, 0.49% potassium and the others were small quantities.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.720-730
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• 2007

This study was investigated (replaced) the sensory and physicochemical properties of Jeungpyun substituted with 30% or 60% of brown rice and barley flours, respectively. The quality changes of the functional Jeougpyun during the storage periods were analyzed by a texturometer. We found that batter pH was decreased as fermentation progressed, but showed a higher pH resulted after steaming. The brown rice replaced Jeungpyun had higher specific gravity and lower viscosity; however, the barley-replaced Jeungpyun had lower specific gravity and higher viscosity compared to those of the control(0% replace with brown rice or barley flour). The barley-replaced samples showed significantly larger volume indexes than that of the control. The L-value of the for lightness decreased significantly within the replaced samples(p<0.001). All samples had negative a-values, with slight peen colors rather than red. The barley-replaced samples were darker than those of the brown rice sample groups, with less green and yellow color. The brown rice-replaced samples had larger values for adhesiveness, overall, and moistness, and the barley-replaced samples showed intensities greater in cell size, springiness, hardness, and flavor by sensory evaluation. The 30% flour-replaced samples of the comparisons had higher values for overall desirability(p<0.001). The replaced samples showed slow increases in hardness when measured by a texturometer, indicating that, the retrogradation rates decreased as the storage periods increased. The control stored for 72 hr had a hardness value that was 8.0 times harder than that of the control stored for one hour. The 30 and 60% brown rice-replaced samples stored for 72 hr were 5.8 times and 4.7 times harder of their replacement level, respectively, and the 30 and 60% barley-replaced samples stored for 72 hr were 5.7 times and 4.2 times harder of their replacement level, respectively. The adhesiveness and cohesiveness of all samples tended to decrease as the storage period increased. The barley-replaced samples showed significantly the lower adhesiveness and cohesiveness during the storage periods. The springiness of all samples decreased slowly during the storage periods. In conclusion, Jeungpyun that was substituted with brown rice and barley flours demonstrated improved functionality and higher dietary fiber replaced effect. Furthermore, the storage period of was extended as the retrogradation rate was delayed as a result of the dietary fibers.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2017

Lactic acid fermentation of Flammulina velutipes (FV) powder was optimized to produce higher content of ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA). FV powder (10%) was fermented with 0.5% yeast extract, 1% glucose, 5% mono sodium-L-glutamate (MSG) by Lactobacillus plantarum EJ2014 for 5 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The pH decreased from 6.1 to 4.4 for first 2 days after then increased to 6.2 for following 5 days. While the acidity increased from 0.5% to 1.3% for 2 days, after then decreased to 0.4% for 5 days. Viable cell count showed higher value of $2.2{\times}10^9CFU/mL$ after fermentation for 5 days. In particular, 3.54% MSG as a substrate was completely utilized during lactic acid fermentation, indicating higher 2.31% GABA content. The fermented FV powder showed higher antioxidant properties than that of un-fermented FV power. $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 1.11 mg/mL and 2.58 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusively, natural fermented seasoning from the lactic acid fermentation of 30g of FV powder and 1 g of roasted wheat bran could provide the functional ingredients with 17% GABA, probiotics and dietary fiber, which is used for health food and functional seasoning.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.393-398
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• 2000

To extend utilization of alginate from the sea tangle, Laminaria japonicus, depolymerized alginates (HAG-10, average molecular weight 10,000; HAC-50, average molecular weight 50,000; HAG-100, average molecular weight 100,000) were obtained by hydrolysis of alginate by heating at $12^{\circ}C$. The effects of each depolymerized alginate on excretion of cholesterol, glucose and namium in rats were investigated. The total excretion rate (${\%}$) of cholesterol and cadmium was the highest in rats administered with HAG-50, The rate was $45.81{\%} and 59.02{\%} with HAG-50$. It was high in the order of $45.78{\%} and 56.05{\%}$ in HAG-100, $41.28{\%}$ and $55.96{\%}$ in alginate, and $32.11{\%} and 44.92{\%} in HAC-10$, respectively. In the case of HAG-50, it significantly (p<0.01) prevented the serum glucose level of rats from rising within 30 min and 60 min after glucose loading or administration among all the samples, but it had no particular effects on the serum insulin level. In conclusion, it was suggested that HAG-50, in which the alginate had a decreased molecular weight, while still retaining its desirable functions as a dietary fiber, was effective in excretion of harmful substances, such as cadmium and cholesterol, and in lowering glucose activities in serum of rats.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.356-364
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• 2013

The nutritional composition, bioactive components and antioxidant activities of the first and second sprouts of Kalopanax pictus, Cedrela sinensis and Acanthopanax cortex were investigated to increase the utilization of these sprouts. The moisture and crude lipid contents of the first sprout were higher than those of the second sprout, and the crude fiber and carbohydrate contents were higher in the second sprout. The organic acid content of the first sprout was higher than that of the second sprout. The second sprout had higher free amino acid contents in K. pictus and C. sinensis, and the first sprout had a higher content in A. cortex. Especially, the second sprout of K. pictus and C. sinensis had a higher level of glutamic acid, which is a major taste component of foods, than the first sprout. The second sprouts of all the samples had higher mineral levels than the first sprouts. In contrast, the first sprouts had higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and showed a higher antioxidant activity level, except for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the A. cortex. The results of this study show that the nutritive value of the second sprout was higher than that of the first sprout, but the bioactive components value of the second sprout was lower than that of the first sprout. Therefore, additional research is needed on the cultivation condition required to maintain the nutritive values and the antioxidant activities of these sprouts.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.126-134
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• 2016

To produce renewable biomethane from biogas, the properties of physical absorbents such as water, methanol, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), poly(ethylene glycol) dimethylether (PEGDME), and propylene carbonate (PC) were studied, and PC was applied to membrane contactor systems. Among physical absorbents, PC exhibited a high contact angle of $58.3^{\circ}$ on polypropylene surface, and a PC/water mixture (5 wt%) increased the contact angle to $90^{\circ}$. Furthermore, the PC/water mixture presented higher $CO_2$ absorption capacities (0.148-0.157 mmol/g) than that of water (0.121 mmol/g), demonstrating a good property as an absorbent for membrane contactors. Actual operations in membrane contactors using the PC/water mixture resulted in $CO_2$ removal of 98.0-97.8% with biomethane purities of 98.5-98.3%, presenting a strong potential for biogas treatment. However, the PC/water mixture yielded moderate improved in $CO_2$ removal and methane recovery, as compared with water in the membrane contactor operation. This is originated from insufficient desorption processes to reuse absorbent and low $CO_2$ flux of the PC/water absorbent. Thus, it is requiring optimizations of membrane contactor technology including development of absorbent and improvement of operation process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

Functional oils (FOs) were produced from commercial diacylglycerol oil and red yeast rice extracts from 80% ethanol for 1 hr in a shaking water bath at $35^{\circ}C$ and 175 rpm. FOs contained (A) 600, (B) 1200, (C) 1800, and (D) 2280 ppm of red yeast-rice extracts, respectively. The Hunter a value and b value were risen whereas L value was reduced along with the increase of extract concentration. Content of monacolin K and total phenolic compounds in FOs significantly increased according to the increase of extract concentration. The oxidation stability of FOs was observed by Rancimat at $98^{\circ}C$. Induction time decreased according to the increase of extract concentration. The major volatile compounds of FOs were compared using the electronic nose (EN) system and solid phase microextraction (SPME) method combined with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). EN was composed of 12 different metal oxide sensors. Sensitivities (Rgas/Rair) of sensors from EN were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), whose proportion was 99.66%. For qualitative or quantitative analysis of volatile compounds by SPME-GC/MS, the divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethyl-siloxane fiber and sampling temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ were applied.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2010

Aging and severe environments are major causes of damage in reinforced concrete (RC) structures such as buildings and bridges. Deterioration such as concrete cracks, corrosion of steel, and deformation of structural members can significantly degrade the structural performance and safety. Therefore, effective and easy-to-use methods are desired for repairing and strengthening such concrete structures. Various methods for strengthening and rehabilitation of RC structures have been developed in the past several decades. Recently, FRP composite materials have emerged as a cost-effective alternative to the conventional materials for repairing, strengthening, and retrofitting deteriorating/deficient concrete structures, by externally bonding FRP laminates to concrete structural members. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in predicting behavior of circular type concrete column retrofitted with FRP. To construct training and testing dataset, experiment results for the specimens which have different retrofit profile are used. Retrofit ratio, strength of existing concrete, thickness, number of layer, stiffness, ultimate strength of fiber and size of specimens are selected as input parameters to predict strength, strain, and stiffness of post-yielding modulus. These proposed ANFIS models show reliable increased accuracy in predicting constitutive properties of concrete retrofitted by FRP, compared to the constitutive models suggested by other researchers.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2010

Recently, numerous construction techniques for repairing and strengthening methods for above ground or air exposed concrete structure have been developed. However repairing and strengthening methods for underwater structural members under continuous loading, such as piers and steel piles need the further development. Therefore, this study develops an aqua epoxy, which can be used for repairing and strengthening of structural members located underwater. Moreover, using the epoxy material and strengthening fibers, a fiber reinforced composite sheet called Aqua Advanced FRP (AAF) for underwater usage is developed. To verify and to obtain properties of the material and the performance of AAF, several tests such as pull-off strength test, bond shear strength test, and chemical resistance test, were carried out. The results showed that the developed aqua epoxy does not easily dissolve in wet conditions and does not create any residual particle during hardening. In spite of underwater conditions, it showed the superior workability, because of the high viscosity over 30,000 cps and adhesion capacity over 2 MPa, which are nearly equivalent to those used in dry conditions. In case of the chemical resistance test, the developed aqua epoxy and composite showed the weight change of about 0.5~1.0%, which verifies the superior chemical resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2016

Lightweight geopolymers are more readily produced and give higher fire resistant performance than foam cement concrete. Lowering the density of solid geopolymers can be achieved by inducing chemical reactions that entrain gases to foam the geopolymer structure. This paper reports on the effects of adding different concentrations of aluminum powder on the properties of cellular structured geopolymers. The apparent density of lightweight geopolymers has a range from 0.7 to $1.2g/m^3$ with 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10 wt% of a foaming agent concentration, which corresponds to about 37~60 % of the apparent density, $1.96g/cm^3$, of solid geopolymers. The compressive strength of cellular structured geopolymers decreased to 6~18 % of the compressive strength, 45 MPa of solid geopolymers. The microstructure of geopolymers gel was equivalent for both solid and cellular structured geopolymers. The workability of geopolymers with polyprophylene fibers needs to be improved as in fiber-reinforced cement concrete. The lightweight geopolymers could be used as indoor wall tile or board due to fire resistance and incombustibility of geopolymers.