• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.44-44
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• 1992

The existing urban open space system of the German cities has an exellent frame, which is a result of the long history of its developing. The beginning time of that goes back to the end of the 18th century, as pri-vate gardens of feudal lords and the nobility became more and more public and public open space plannedwas appearing. Through the change from the feudal age to the civil society, the people's values on the urbanopenspace were growing. so that it had more social meanings. Since the Industrial Revolution in the secondhalf of the 19th century the environment of cities was getting miserable, what was the important cause ofthe birth of ideas and concepts of the urban open space type and its system.The fo1lowing concepts are they. which have influenced modern open space concepts of the cities InGermany decisively :'Garden Cities'.'Neighborhood'. 'The Model of Mohring, Eberstadt and Petersen','The Model of Langen'. "The Classified City','The Classified and Loosened City'etc.

• 수완나부미
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.69-108
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• 2021

Based on research of documents left by Vietnamese feudal dynasties, the current article reports how it initially reconstructed the process of Vietnamese tribute activity of Southeast Asia from the 10^th to 19^th century and demonstrates the significance of these activities to how Vietnam is considered central rather than peripheral as a nation. Tribute activity took place during a period when Vietnam was an independent country; feudal dynasties of Vietnam were independent and autonomous dynasties. Vietnam had just escaped from the 1,000-year invasion of China and more recently gotten out from the control of the French colonialists. From the demonstration of the tribute activity, otherwise called requesting investiture, the current article places it in relation to the contemporary Chinese "tributary system" to draw out the characteristics and its essence. At the time the current article explores the underlying causes that contributed to shaping the core characteristics of this "tributary system" and its significance to power relationships.

• 수완나부미
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.93-116
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• 2018

Under feudalism, besides imploring investiture, tribute is said to be one of the two most typical activities at the core of diplomatic relations between China and the region, in particular, Vietnam and Japan. By using the comparative method and interdisciplinary approach, the author shows that there are many differences between Vietnam and Japan with regards to tribute activity with China during the feudal period. For example, the start and end of China's tributary activities with Vietnam and Japan are not the same. The period of Japanese tributary activity was much more loosened than Vietnam. Vietnamese tributary relation was political, while Japan placed economic benefits as the main priority. In particular, the author also proved that although Japan and China had differences in behavior and level of dependence on the tributary activity of Vietnam, both Vietnam and Japan maintained independence and autonomy. Based on the historical, cultural, and geographical characteristics, as well as the position and force correlation of each country in relation to China, this article also explains the causes of these similarities and differences.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제16권
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• pp.167-182
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• 2003

The societies of HuiDaoMen, appeared upon the scene of history in the later feudal age of china, were religious secret organizations whose adherents resisted their government or powerful families. Generally, HuiDaoMens are grouped into political ones and religious ones. This distinction, however, comes from on which characteristics they laid emphasis, because both of regional and political goal appear in most of HuiDaoMens. Although those contemporary governments ordinarily called them Dow-Bees, which were groups of burglars without any political goal or regional ideal, HuiDaoMens are quite distinguishable from them. So, it is possible to say that the requisites of HuiDaoMen were to be a secret society, to be popular, to be religious, to be political. That is, HuiDaoMens should not be understood as mere superstitious secret group, but religious societies giving comforts to people as popular societies in feudal age. It is very important to have correct understandings on these HuiDaoMens, because they firstly appeard in the middle years of Ming(明) dynasty, and considerably affected the progress of Chinese history. Now I expect upcoming researches on them to bring into focus various aspects related to contemporary and social circumstances.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제22집
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• pp.115-142
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• 2005

허균과 매창은 사대부와 기녀의 관계로 알게 된 사이다. 그러나. 허균은 매창을 여성 문학인으로 재능을 인정하고 평생 시우로 존경하며 사랑한 사이였다. 허균은 천재 시인, 혁명가, 이상향을 꿈꾸는 평등주의자여서 여성과 서얼을 인간으로 대접하려는 따뜻한 성품의 소유자였다. 그러한 허균이 매창을 중국에 기녀시인 설도에 비견하고 매창을 조선의 최고 기녀시인으로 손꼽는 데는 매창 시의 한 특성이 있다고 본다. 그녀의 시조는 상실감에 가득한 비애 가운데서도 임과의 재회를 꿈꾸는 소망의식이 가득한 시 의식을 지니고 있다고 본다. 또한, 그녀는 사대부와의 관계에서 나름대로 등거리 사랑을 추구하였고 그에 성공하였기 때문에 성적 욕망의 대상인 기녀 신분이면서도 성이 뒤로 앉은 정조 어린 여성으로 자리 잡아 사대부들의 존경과 시선을 한 몸에 받은 시인이었다. 허균의 폄하 발언으로 얼룩진 평가를 재평가하고, 매창의 시가 비애 의식에 머물러 있지 않고 소망의식으로 발돋움하였다는 것을 밝히고 있다.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.83-120
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• 2021

This article analyzes the publicness of early modern cities and the character of samurai residences as urban dwellers through the water supply and use of the Edo period in Japan. Firstly, in Edo, a megacity with a population of about one million, the Shogunate organized samurai residences (mainly those of feudal lords, Daimyo) into geographical organizations, and samurai residences paid for the repair of water facility and the water fee, just the same as the townspeople. Next, in Fukui (provincial castle town), samurai residence (Daimyo's vassal) organization for waterway didn't exist. The samurai residences were relieved of the burden of maintaining the waterways due to poverty. And, before the later Edo period, samurai vassals were not punished for violating the rules on water use, but they were eventually included in the punishment. The gap in feudal status between samurai and townspeople narrowed. It was a process of creating a modern urban society composed of equal dwellers. Although Edo and Fukui belonged to the same category as castle towns, the urban publicness and the position of samurai residences were different due to their dissimilar political positions as the Shogunate capital city and the Daimyo's provincial castle town.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.109-132
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• 2011

본 논문은 뱀파이어라는 널리 퍼진 이미지가 나타내는 문화적 기호가 일본적 혹은 동아시아적인 생산양식 아래서 보여주는 모습과 가능성을 보는데 있다. 서구문화를 일찍이 토착화해 온 일본에서 뱀파이어의 이미지를 어떻게 토착화하여 해석하고 새로이 제시하는가를 일본 만화를 통해 알아보고 이를 통해 우리 문화에 변형과 가능성을 타진하는데 본 논문의 목적이 있다. 아시아적 생산양식은 아시아 여러 지역에서의 사회 및 경제 발전을 특정 짓는 생산양식을 말하며, 마르크스는 "대략적으로 말해서 아시아적 고대적 봉건적 및 근대 부르주아적 생산양식이 경제적 사회구성의 여러 시기로 표시될 수 있다"고 말하였다. 일본근대역사가 가지는 특이성은 아마도 왕-쇼군-사무라이-농노를 잇는 지역기반의 봉건사회에서 메이지유신을 통해 전면적인 서구적인 사회로의 변화를 들 수 있다. 하지만, 우리는 이 서구화가 과연 민주화나 봉건적인 사회구조를 전면적으로 변형시켰는가는 조금 더 깊이 있는 관찰이 필요하고 이에 드러나는 갈등을 <피안도>를 통해 보고자 한다. 일반적인 이미지로, 뱀파이어는 신의 저주를 받아 태양빛을 볼 수 없고, 인간의 생물학적인 생명현상을 보이지는 않지만, 인간의 피를 빨아먹어야 '활동'을 유지하는 존재를 지칭한다. 이들은 보통 인간보다 육체적이고 정신적으로 강하며, 유혹하는 능력과 박쥐로 변하는 능력을 지닌다고 한다. <피안도>가 가지는 동아시아적 뱀파이어 코드가 가지는 특색 있는 독자성과 의의를 알아본다. 마지막으로 <피안도>가 지니는 동아시아적 생산양식의 모습과 한국적 현실 그리고 한국적 뱀파이어 문화에 대하여 모색하며 본 논문을 마치고자 한다.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2003

In this paper, we consider relationship of the monastic mathematics and the arts of the middle ages. Because mathematics and arts are effects of the spirit of the ages. Here, we concern with the Rome and the religion of Christ. Next, we think of the bible and Christian doctrine and then compare with Christian arts and arts of the customs of the middle ages. The middle ages is the period of women's inequality according to the feudal system. So we investigate the correlation of the christianity, arts of the middle ages, women's inequality and monastic mathematics which is worthless in mathematics history.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제27권
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• pp.291-317
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• 2012

Until now, the 'Ie' system, the distinct Japanese Family system, was dominantly recognized as the vestige of former feudal system. But as the research for gender-especially the family history-gets active, various aspects showing that 'Ie' is the modern product developed through thoroughly intended plans of Meiji government after latter-day. According to Ueno Chizuko, 'Ie' system is not at all a traditional feudal system, but it rather is the family revised by modernization, in other word, it is the Japanese version of modern family. This words began with it being the study of goodwill, and recognizing that 'Ie' is the creation of modernization, and as well as the need to listen to the new woman's inner voice under the Japanese patriarchal system. The most appealing characteristic of modern Japanese patriarchal system is that the it needs only the family members who are dedicated to the 'Nation'. With this, women were expected to submit to the authority and their roles, which are, as a wife and mother who obeys by supporting, preserving, and maintaining the patriarchal system. But as the new women themselves expressed their independence, these roles are hard to be expected. It was no other than new women's magazine Seito which arose against the Japanese patriarchal system. In this statement, careful observation was done on the novel based on tiny internal conflicts or the aspects of anguish, that could not have been illustrated enough after judging the significant issues of early modern liberalism of women based on new women's editorials, discussions, that were illustrated most directly and compressively. Through this, it was pointed out that Seito magazine is not consisted logically, and that reason for that is the female authors' different desires were tangled and it reflects the complicated situation of that period whether they were intended or not. Overall, unlike the literatures (men-centered) of same era, the genre of literature or the novel did not put them on prerogative place, and confirmation could be made once again that the women's writing aspects are related closely with gender recognition more than anything.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.241-262
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• 2013

Nietzsche in the early 20th century, many Western thought came to China pushed the time, who want to reform the Chinese young intellectuals was a great welcome. Around 5.4 times writers representing China Journalism Guo Mo ruo Mao Dun and social needs of the times according to the spirit, according to their ideology, no tubes and four optional understand Nietzsche. Was acceptable, in the process, Nietzsche was transformed hem into various forms. In this paper, two Guo Mo ruo Mao Dun accept Nietzsche as Nietzsche socreated their own awards and also looked at these similarities and difference. Nietzsche Guo Mo ruo the remnants of the old feudal ideas and traditions were to break down and accept only select perspective. Nietzsche's self-discovery and individual liberty, and against the reality and accept the terms of loan 5.4 seconds, an ideal Nietzsche award was created. However Guo Mo ruo particular aspect of the acceptance of Nietzsche, whereas Nietzsche regarded as an extreme pessimist history, and his extreme caution and idealistic form of individualism was often criticized. Mao Dun the core ideas of Nietzsche 'Superman' and 'will power' noted. 5.4 All time view of life, a new morality must re-evaluate the need for a practical, based on the old tradition of Nietzsche completely against the spirit of rebellion was to have especially appreciated. But this was different Mao Dun Nietzsche and moral beliefs. What is the old morality Nietzsche corrupt, bourgeois morality and ethics, and was negative for democracy and freedom, Mao Dun dark realities facing the old Chinese feudal and traditional idea ofrevolution as a democrat were negative for. Guo Mo ruo Mao Dun optional for Nietzsche's acceptance was 5.4 times that contemporary needs can be met.