• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 2015

Objectives: Spontaneous pregnancy is a rare event after repeated failure of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or Intrauterine insemination (IUI) treatment. So this paper is to report the natural pregnancy of Gamiseogagjihwang-tang treatments on two infertile patients who were repeatedly failed in IVF or IUI. Methods: One patient was a 35-year-old patient diagnosed with the adenomyosis and contralateral tubal obstruction, treated with 90 cc Gamiseogagjihwang-tang two times per day for 6 weeks after second failure of IVF. The other patient was a 34-year-old patient undergone induced abortion by three times, treated with 90 cc Gamiseogagjihwang-tang two times per day for 4 weeks after second failure of IUI. Results: Through taking Gamiseogagjihwang-tang without assisted reproduction techniques, two cases got pregnant naturally. Conclusions: These cases suggest that Gamiseogagjihwang-tang is effective in treating infertile female after failure in IVF or IUI and inducing spontaneous pregnancy. Therefore, there needs to be more trial on infertile patients treated with Seogagjihwang-tang.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 2005

To establish law-put fertilization technique and increase of fertilization efficiency during cultivation of plastic film mulching for plastic the improvement of soil properties, nutrition efficiency and yield by banded subsoil fertilization (BSF) using band spoty applicator was conducted at radish (Raphanus sativus L.) field in Honan Agricultural Research Institute from 1997 to 1998 for 2 years. These results were as follows. T-N, available $P_2O_5$ exchangeable Ca and K contents of soil were increased those of before experiment especially in BSF treatment. Also, the content of soil $NO_3-N$ was higher in BSF as fertilization amount is increasing than in CF (conventional fertilization). Uptake amounts of nitrogen fertilized were high in BSF during overall the growth period of plant and N utilization was high by $21.9{\sim}30.4%$ in BSF compared to in CF. The rate of fertilizer loss by rainfall was largely reduced, because all fertilizer applied was putted around the root zone. The total yields of fresh radish BSF treatments were more increased $13{\sim}37%$ than that of CF treatment.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 1997

This study was carried out to determine the effect of bovine follicular fluid(bFF), hormones, and fetal bovine serum(FBS) supplemented in the medium on the in vitro fertilization and development of bovine embryos. The ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and placed in physiological saline kept at 30~32˚C and brought to the laboratory within 3~4 hours. The oocytes and follicular fluid were collected by aspiration from visible follicles, and the oocytes of grades I on the basis of the morphology of cumulus cells attached and the homogeneity of cytoplasmic granules were selected and used for maturation. The basal media used for oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo development in vitro were Ham' F-10, TALP and TCM-199, respectively. The hormones supplemented in maturation medium were consisted of 35 pg /ml FSH, 10 pg /ml LH and 1 pg/mi estradiol-l7$\beta$. The bFF collected from 5~9 mm follicles was centrifuged, filtered and inactivated by heat-treatment at 56˚C for 30 min. FBS also was inactivated with the same method and kept at -20˚C until use. The embryos were co-cultured with the monolayer of bovine oviductal epithelial cells at 39˚C under 5% $CO_2$ in air for 9 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The fertilization rate of oocytes was found 87.4% from 10% FBS and hormones treatment for IVM, and 37.1% of these TVF embryos were developed to blastocyst stage in 10% FBS groups. Compared with this control system, the fertilization rate was decreased significantly(P<0.05) in the maturation without either FBS or hormones. These IVF embryos were developed to morula stage at the similar rate, but to blastocyst at significantly(P<0.05) lower rate in the embryo culture with or without FBS supplementation. The fertilization rate(82.9%) in hormones and 10% inactivated bFF was similar with 10% FBS and hormone groups(87.4%), but decreased significantly(P<0.05) in 20 or 30% bFF (61.0 or 66.0%), respectively. In vitro developmental competence to blastocyst stage in 10% FBS and 20% inactivated bFF(37.1% and 31.4%) was higher than in 10 or 30% inactivated bFF(20.0 or 19.2%) or 10, 20 and 30% fresh bFF(19.1, 21.0 and 17.5%) The results indicated that the in vitro fertillzation and development rate of the embryos should be improved in 10% FBS or 20% inactivated culture system and 20% inactivated bFF might be available economically for bovine oocyte maturation and embryo culture instead of fetal bovine serum.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to find out the method of preventing decrease in the marketable yield of oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa MAKINO) under low light intensity. By maintaining low light of 400 $\mu$mol$.$m$^{[-10]}$ 2$.$S$^{-1}$ from 10 days after fruit set to fruit enlargement period, the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents of leaf were reduced. Leaves which had no urea application showed largely decreased photosynthetic rate The content of soluble solids was lower$.$ in the low light than natural light treatment. Regardless of foliar application of urea, % fermentation fruits was under 4% in the natural light treatment and over 10% in the low light treatment. The less the fruit thinning, the greater was % fermentation fruits under low light condition. The % fermentation fruits were 39% and 40% in no fruit thinning treatment. The harvest was delayed under low light condition regardless of foliar fertilization. As the number of thinned fruits was decreased, the harvest time was delayed more. Marketable yield per plant sharply decreased under low light intensity. Compared with natural light, the yield under low light treatment was 16∼34%. The treatment fertilized with 0.5% urea on leaf had 34% greater harvest index of marketable yield than other treatments. In conclusion, when the long low light condition from 10th day after fruiting was forecasted, thinning two fruits out of six fruits and two times foliar fertilization with 0.5% urea should be applied.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2005

Green house soils have been intensively cultivated with excessive application of compost and chemical fertilizer for vegetable growth. The objective of this study was to establish the reasonable fertilizer application system for rice cultivation in green house soil. Field experiment was carried out with rice cv. Geumo-byeo 1 in Jisan series soil (fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Haplaquepts) that was previously cropped with green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for the last 3 years. Treatment consisted of conventional fertilization $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O=11-4.5-5.7kg\;10a^{-1})$, no basal fertilization, 50% reduction of basal fertilization no top dressing, bulk blending fertilizer, and no fertilizer. The value of pH, available phosphate, and exchangeable potassium after experiment was lower than those before experiment while organic matter content was not difference in all treatment. The value of salt elusion was the highest in no basal fertilization plot. The amount of $NH_4-N$ in soil was higher in growth stage of rice as fertilizer amount increased in 1998. The changes of plant height and tiller were higher as fertilizer amount increased. Thousand-grain weight as yield component was higher in no basal fertilization plot all the year because of decreasing panicle. There was no significant difference in rice yield between treatments in 1998. However, conventional fertilization resulted in significantly increased rice yield in 1999. Nitrogen use efficiency was the highest in no basal fertilization plot in 1998 and in conventional fertilization plot in 1998. Our results suggest that no basal fertilization be best to increase salt elusion with slightly increased yield in first year for rice cropping after vegetable harvesting, which method improves fertilization efficiency. However, conventional fertilization was good for second rice cropping after vegetable harvesting in greenhouse.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.306-313
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to understand the physiological responses and resistance of red pine trees to ozone exposure in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Potted one-year-old seedlings of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were exposed in an open-top chamber(OTC) to ozone at concentration of 0.12ppm for 3 hours daily for eight weeks with or without N and P fertilization alone or in combination. The OTC had dimensions of 2.0m in height and 2.5m in diameter, and the air in a control chamber was filtered with activated charcoal to maintain the ozone concentration below 0.02ppm. After eight weeks of ozone exposure, none of the seedlings showed any symptoms of visible injury on leaves. The seedlings fertilized with N and P in a control chamber showed 22 to 95% increase in total dry weight, and similar fertilizer effect was also noticed in an ozone chamber. Ozone treatment did not decrease the total dry weight, but increased shoot/root ratio by 14.5%. Ozone treatment increased sucrose content in the leaves by 23%, but decreased sucrose content in roots by 20% regardless of N or P application. Starch content in the leaves was not affected by either ozone or fertilizer. However, starch content in the roots was decreased by 41% by ozone treatment. Chlorophyll content in the leaves was increased by 70% by N application, but was not affected by ozone treatment. Nitrogen and P fertilization stimulated net photosynthesis by 80% in a control chamber, but stimulatory effect of N and P on net photosynthesis was 22.3% less in an ozone chamber. Net photosynthesis of the seedlings with no fertilization was not affected by ozone treatment. Based on the observed interactions between N, P, and ozone, it was concluded that the stimulatory effect of fertilization on growth of Pinus densiflora would be decreased by ozone treatment, but fertilization would increase resistance to ozone by re-allocation of increased carbohydrates.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.330-333
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term fertilization on the yield and quality of soybean. The yield of soybean was highest in the NPK+lime $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ treatment. Carbohydrate content of soybean was high in the non-fertilizer treatment and crude protein content was high in the NPK+lime $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and NPK+silicate $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ treatment, and crude lipid and ash content was high in the NPK+silicate $1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ treatment. The content of inorganic compounds were not different among treatments. Correlation between $P_2O_5$/T-N and carbohydrate, crude lipid was $-0.99^{**}$, $-0.94^{**}$ respectively. Correlation between Mn and carbohydrate was $0.95^*$, but others were not significantly different. Yield of soybean increased with lime application and protein content increased with silicate application.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2017

This study was conducted to find out the effects of $CO_2$ fertilization (1,000ppm) on the quality and storability of 'Maehyang' strawberry fruits. Qualities such as firmness, soluble solid, and acidity of strawberry fruits showed higher numbers in those treated with $CO_2$ fertilization compared to those after harvest. Strawberry fruits were stored at $8^{\circ}C$; MA condition using $20,000cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}atm^{-1}$ OTR (oxygen transmission rate) films and conventional condition using unsealed PE box stored for 20 and 10 days, respectively. Fresh weight loss rate was less than 1.0% in MA storage regardless of $CO_2$ fertilization treatment. Concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in OTR films did not show any significant difference between $CO_2$ fertilization treatment and control (nontreatment) during storage. $CO_2$ fertilization treatments maintained higher firmness after storage regardless of storage methods, but soluble solid, acidity, and surface color did not differ among the treatments. Visual quality and off-flavor based on sensory evaluation was the highest in $CO_2$ fertilization treated strawberry and stored at a MA condition, and was the lowest in $CO_2$ fertilization treated strawberry and those stored in a conventional condition, respectively. The fungal incidence rate of strawberry fruits showed less in $CO_2$ fertilization treatment than control during both MA and conventional storage. These results suggest that $CO_2$ fertilization can improve firmness, increase visual quality after harvest and storage at $8^{\circ}C$, and the MA storage method enhances the shelf-life of 'Maehyang' strawberry fruits.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.54-57
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• 2016

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is one of the major steps of in vitro fertilization. The inaccessibility or non-visualization of developing follicles on transvaginal sonography (the preferred imaging method) may be misjudged as a poor response, resulting in cycle cancellation. It is necessary to scrupulously appraise proxy indicators for ovarian response, such as estradiol levels, endometrial thickness, and other individual clinical characteristics. This can prompt meticulous transabdominal ultrasound follicular monitoring and oocyte retrieval with the goal of averting cycle cancellation and improving treatment outcomes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.251-260
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• 1998

It is well known that the clinical test for responsibility of accurate fertilization capacity in male partners is very important to diagnose and treat the infertility. However, it has been reported that the traditional semen analysis cannot accurately predict fertilization and pregnancy potential. The present study was performed to evaluate the acrosomal reaction to ionophore challenge (ARIC) test as a prognostic indicator for fertilization of sperm and oocyte in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) program. From March 1996 to Februry 1997, 30 couples undergoing IVF program were allocated to this study group. All female partners in the study group were 35 years old or less and their serum level of basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol $(E_2)$ were normal. All the male partners have normal parameters of semen analysis. The ARIC tests were performed on the day of ovum pick up and in vitro insemination in all the male partners. The controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) using luteal long protocol of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist was used in all couples for IVF-ET. The acrosomal reaction with $10{\mu}l$ of 10% DMSO was induced spontaneously in $10.1{\pm}9.8%$, and acrosomal reaction with calcium ionophore A 23187 was induced in $27.4{\pm}18.1%$, and the ARIC value was $17.4{\pm}16.2%$. There were no significant correlation between the ARIC value and the fertilization rate ($r^2$=0.044, p=0.268). There were also no significant correlation between the ARIC value and the percentage of the grade I, II embryos ($r^2$=0.046, p=0.261). On the basis of above results, it was suggested that ARIC test might not be a useful prognostic indicator for fertilization in IVF-ET in male partners with normal parameters of conventional semen analysis. We guessed that IVF-ET could be performed to the patients primarily without universal appilcation of ARIC test to all male partenrs, and if fertilization failure occurs, the micro assisted fertilization (MAF) such as intracytoplsmic sperm injection (ICSI) might be used as an alternative mode of treatment with acceptable success rate.