• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.239-242
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• 1998

Arabidopsis trp1 mutant plants, deficient in phosphoribosyI anthranilate transferase (PAT) activity, accumulate anthranilate compounds, which render them blue fluorescence. The visible phenotype of trp1 makes the PAT gene an excellent reporter gene in the mutant. In order to develop a system for the homologous recombination using the phenotypic characteristic of trp1-100, we established optimum conditions for the isolation and regenera tion of protoplast from auxin-conditioned, trp1-100 root cultures. Trvptophan had to be supplemented in the germination medium for the efficient cell division and subsequent plant regeneration. When 10 uM tryptophan was added to the germination medium, we obtained the highest yield of protoplasts ($3{\times}10^6 cells/g$) and the best viability (92%). Thirty percent of root protoplast derived from meristematic cells underwent cell division within 5 days in callus-induction medium. Regenerated rosette leaves (2-3 mm) were transferred to rooting medium and finally acclimated to the soil for flowering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.13
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• pp.107-118
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• 1973

Experiments were carried out to study the effectiveness of METAP as a slow released fertilizer on the growth, grain yield and its components of paddy rice, and to compare its effects with those of single fertilizers in the fields of 3 Crop Experiment Stations and 7 provincial Offices of Rural Development. The effectiveness of METAP seems to be different according to the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, the time of application, climatic conditions, variety and cultural methods. Therefore, the experimental results obtained from the above experiment are summurized as follows: 1. When METAP was applied into sandy soil, grain yield was increased due to increase of the number of panicles, and split application of METAP was more effective than basal only. However, in the reclaimed soil, not heavily percolated soil and fertile soil, no differences were observed between MET AP and single fertilizer applied plot. 2. When a rice variety, 'TONGIL' which is sensitive to the low temperature and produce higher yield in the early transplanting, was not transplanted early and air temperature is relatively lower during the ripening stage, the percentage of ripened grains and 1,000 grains weight were not higher in the METAP applied plots than in the single fertilizer applied plots.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.242-252
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• 1998

The inhabitation environments and growth conditions of Machilus thunbergii community in the Pyonsanbando located at southwestern area in Korea were examined and analyzed to provide some practical data to be used to establish measures for long term succession monitoring, protection and sustainable management. The Machilus thunbergii community are located at Kyokpo-ri, Pyonsan-myon, Puan-gun(35$^{\circ}$35′24"N~35$^{\circ}$ 42′30"N, 126$^{\circ}$28′18"E~126$^{\circ}$40′40"E). Within the Pyonsanbando area the mean temperature is 12.4$^{\circ}C$, the warmth index 101.5$^{\circ}C$.month, the coldness index -12.3$^{\circ}C$ month and the annual precipitation 1,016mm. The soil within the community is silt loam or clay loam and so fertile. 30 species and 1 varieties of 21 families inhabited at the community. There were 18 grown trees and 131 saplings of Machilus thunbergii within the community. The mean basal diameter, mean height, and crown width of grown trees was measured to be 57.4cm, 7.4m and 9.0~9.8m respectively. And 9 trees were full flowering, 2 trees small flowering here and there, and 7 trees non flowering in 1998. The mean branch growth length was 8.3cm, mean leaf area 18.3$\textrm{cm}^2$, mean inflorecence length 9.3cm, mean fertilization 14.5％ and mean seed diameter 7.6mm. Further rich management measure and investigation were recommended such as sapling protection, signboard construction, soil erosion controlling and regular monitoring within the community.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2005

Source : We can use a Lycium chinense Miller and a Lycium barbarum L. at the same time. but they only autorize Lycium barbarum L. as a source of Gouqizi. Culture : We have to culture at the central district and southward has a long term of blooming, bearing fruits and maturing in fertile soil, well drainage sandy soil. A cuttage has a advantage at producing number. and prowing and weeding has to be executed 2-3 times in a year. We fertillze 3 times a year, give a water not to be dry and have to be good at managementing drainage. Harvest : Generally it is best to be a harvested Gouqizi at summer. Process : Points of process is to protect a laceration which is made by a high heat, change color to black, well done dry the rind offruits has no a stiffness and the flesh of fruits has to be soft and freshred color. Quility : It is good that big and red fruits, thick fleshes of fruits, few seeds, soft and moist, sweet not bitter taste. A content of betain is more than 0.5%. And it must be content of ash is less than 6.0%. Contents of heavy metals has to detect less than 30 ppm and there are no reminding agriculural medinces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-100
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• 1994

This study was to analyze the relationship between the community or species and environmental variables of the vegetation landscape in Naejangsan National Park. The analysis was performed by the ordination of DCA and CCA. The study was to compare and analyze the species composition status by the layer and the growth characterisics of the following vegetations ; Torreya nucifera community, Quercus variabilis - Acer palmatum community, Q. variabilis community, Q. variabilis - Sasa purpurascens community and Daphniphyllam macropodum community. The results are as follows; 1. The result of the study on the relationshkp between the stand scores of DCA ordination and environmental variables showed that the soil pH, the ammount of AV-P2O5 and the ammount of C.E.C. tend to increase while Pinus densiflora community changes to Q. variabilis - Q. serrata community and finally Carpinus laxiflora species community siginigicantly. The relation between the stand scores of CCA ordination and several enviromental variables suggested that the species of C. laxiflora and C. tschonoskii the species of Q. cariabilis and Q. serrata the species of C. pisifera, P. densiflora and Q. aliana in sequence grows in more fertile soil. 2. As the result of the analysis of the T. nucifera community showed, reproduction did not increase, and the characteristic of growth was not affected. The result is shown in the growth curve that was damaged by the climate and the human interference. 3. The A. palmatum was found to be as minor species in the middle layer and the crown areas did not have sufficient crown. 4. The result of the analysis of the relationship between Q. variabilis community and Q. variabilis - S. purpurascens community showed a decreasing tendency in the growth and number of species. 5. D. macropodum which constituted the dominance species in the middle layer had a nomal growth curve, and then the successional trend of D. macropodum species seems to be located in the climax species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 1978

This experimentation aims to study on the characterics of tree growth by forestry land soil system and the effect of applied fertilizer by kind of tree for obtaining basic data on application of fertilizer to forestry land and to further investigate the restriction factor of tree growth by soil system for promoting more effective application of fertilizer to forestry area. 1. The characteristics of tree growth by soil system showed that tree growth was worst on erosive soil, bad on red or red and yellow soil and generally good on brown soil. 2. With regard to Black Locust, the restriction factor of its growth appeared the content of $P_2O_5$ in the soil and the less the content of $P_2O_5$ is in the soil, the worse its growth was and its growth was bad on clay soil. 3. The growth of pinus seems closely related with the content of $K_2O$ in the soil and the growth of PH was bad on neutral or alkali soil and good on weak-acid soil. Its growth greatly depended upon the content of OM or FN. 4. As Suwon Poplar is a kind of tree requiring for a special soil, its growth required for fertile soil and the content of O. MN $P_2O_5$ $K_2O$ was proportional to its growth. 5. The growth of Black Locust, pinus and Suwon Poplar was good on the soil containing much sand but bad on the soil containing much clay.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide base information that can be utilized in surveying the status of landscape management within apartment complexes and grasping the conditions of the soil for planting plants, as a way to improve the quality of green spaces by repairing poorly vegetated spaces within apartment complexes and remodeling them with diverse species of plants. Considering that trees and shrubs of equal sizes are simultaneously planted upon the completion of apartment complexes, they were divided based on their completion year at the interval of 5 years and differences in the growth of trees and the components of soil over time were analyzed. Out of the species of trees planted in all the 9 apartment complexes surveyed in this study, the growth of 4 species of needleleaf trees and 4 species of broadleaf trees were surveyed. Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuka' and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. out of the needleleaf trees and Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte out of the broadleaf trees showed the highest growth rate when over 5 years passed after planting and their growth rate decreased when over 10 years passed. Platycladus orientalis and Acer palmatum Thunb. in the apartment complexes that were built over 10 years ago showed the highest growth rate, which indicates that the species require a relatively long period of time for growth. The hardness of the soil at the areas where trees were planted but their soil surface was bare was analyzed. When over 5 years passed after the completion of apartment complexes, over 20 mm of the soil was found to be stamped. The physicochemical properties of soil were also surveyed and the pH level was found to have been continuously high ever since the completion. The organic content in the surveyed soil was about 1/3 of the content in fertile soil, which means that additional fertilization is required. These results indicate that the stamped soil and the health of soil can be restored, when replanting plants in bare areas, by adding plans to improve soil, such as designing drain ways around the planted areas, transporting soil for the 50 cm depth of the ground and mixing organic matters such as chaff, and simply by planting groundcover plants in the lower part of tress and shrubs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2004

The growth and niche breath of four species, i.e., native plants such as Bidens tripauita and B. bipinnata and naturalized plants such as B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor, were studied as related with environmental gradients including light intensity, soil moisture and soil nutrient. There were no significant differences in the phonology within each environmental gradients while considerable differences were found between species; the two naturalized species bloomed and produced fruit later than the two native species. Two naturalized species exhibited relatively higher total dry weight than the two native counterparts within all environmental gradients. Total dry weight showed positive responses to light intensity and soil moisture, and negatively to soil nutrient. The relative contribution of the environmental factors to total dry weight decreased in the order of soil nutrient, soil moisture and light intensity. Both B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor showed significantly higher net assimilation rate (NAR) than other species. Also, NARs of B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor decreased with increasing soil nutrient. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased in order of B. tripartita, B. bipinnata, B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor in response to light intensity. In addition, RGRs of B. bipinnata and B. piEosa yay. minor increased in response to soil moisture, while those of B. pilosa var. minor and B. tripartita decreased with increment of soil nutrient. No significant fluctuations of shoot/root ratio were not observed in three species, but a native species, B. tripartita showed n decreased shoot/root ratio in response to soil nutrient. Comparing the growth characteristics of the species, B. pitosa var. minor and 3. tripartita revealed vigorous growth on barren soil. On the other hand, B. frondosa exhibited vigorous growth on fertile soil. Morphologically, B. tripartita adapted to light and required considerable moisture. On the contrary, the leaves of B. bipinnata did not change considerably in their area, although it preferred habitat with abundant light. In terms of niche breadth, B. bipinnata showed the widest ranges of 0.875 and 0.845 for light intensity and soil moisture gradients, respectively. B. pilosa var. minor showed a value of 0.933 for soil nutrient gradient. B. tripartita showed narrow ranges for the three environmental factors, whereas B. frondosa showed wide values for light intensity and soil nutrient, but relatively narrow value for soil moisture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.396-399
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• 1989

Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) is a promising forage crop that is resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and has a capability to grow well not only in the fertile soil, but also in the poor and dry soil, The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of increased fertilizer application level on the productivity and Quality of pearl millet in the old and newly reclaimed upland soils of Suwon, Chungju, Jeonju, Jinju and Jeju in Korea from 1986 to 1988, Plant height, green fodder yield, protein content and digestibility were increased by the increased fertilizer application level. However, the increased fertilizer application caused lodging, so that the plants grown above one meter in canopy height would be desiable to be clipped remaining 20cm above the ground surface before lodging, and fed to cattle, Mean green yields of the N 45-60kg/l0a application were 12.7-13.4t/l0a in the old upland soil. Increased phosphorus and potash fertilizer application also increased productivity, especially with potash fertilizer effect being higher than that of phosphorus fertilizer, In the newly reclaimed upland soil, improved and doubled fertilizer application plot of 60-60-40-4000kg/10a in N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O-Compost was 38％ higher being 12.6t/10a of green fodder yield as compared with standard fertilizer application plot, Pearl millet productivity and Quality were higher than those of maize and sorghum/sudan grass hybrids, particularly in green fodder yield, protein content and digestibility.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1977

Diameter growth was surveyed for 22 years-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) growing on the forest land (site protected from artificial damage) and the resting place (site open for the recreation) of the Children Park, Seoul, Korea on September 28, 1975. The purpose of the survey was to find out difference in the tree growth between the two sites, and possible causes of the difference. Both the resting place and the forest land have deep fertile sandy-loam soil, moderate slope for south-west. The resting place, however, has much higher soil compactness by treading than the forest land. Before May 5, 1973, the opening date of the park, the trees on the resting place had higher diameter growth than those on the forest land as measured with increament borer. After the Park opening the trees on the resting place showed less growth than those on the forest land. In 1975, the growth on the resting place was less than that of the forest land by 6.5% at 1% significant level. The difference in growth was attributed to the soil compactness of the resting place by treading. The necessity for the same kind of study with other species for the tree management of parks was suggested.