• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2002

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) is a spectrum of inflammatory disorders of the female genital tract involving at least the endrometrium and may include the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic cavity. Women with PID acutely experience pain and are at risk for sepsis; however, the long-term complications such as chronic pelvic pain, organic changes like chronic salpingitis, adhesions, etc., and the significant increases in ectopic pregnancy and infertility are more important and hard to control. This study is about one patient who has chronic PID with inflammatory pelvic mass. The patient was treated with retention enema therapy which use herbs effective for reducing inflammation, resolution abdominal mass, promoting blood circulation. Also, treated with herbal medication of Danchisoyosan(丹梔逍遙散) and Moxibution at Zhongwan(中脘), Guanyuan(關元). After total treatment for three months, the patient's symptoms are improved and the size of inflammatory pelvic mass is reduced. This results indicates that the combination treatment, especially the retention enema therapy is effective on reducing symptoms of PID and the size of secondary inflammatory organic changes.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2015

Objectives: Spontaneous pregnancy is a rare event after repeated failure of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or Intrauterine insemination (IUI) treatment. So this paper is to report the natural pregnancy of Gamiseogagjihwang-tang treatments on two infertile patients who were repeatedly failed in IVF or IUI. Methods: One patient was a 35-year-old patient diagnosed with the adenomyosis and contralateral tubal obstruction, treated with 90 cc Gamiseogagjihwang-tang two times per day for 6 weeks after second failure of IVF. The other patient was a 34-year-old patient undergone induced abortion by three times, treated with 90 cc Gamiseogagjihwang-tang two times per day for 4 weeks after second failure of IUI. Results: Through taking Gamiseogagjihwang-tang without assisted reproduction techniques, two cases got pregnant naturally. Conclusions: These cases suggest that Gamiseogagjihwang-tang is effective in treating infertile female after failure in IVF or IUI and inducing spontaneous pregnancy. Therefore, there needs to be more trial on infertile patients treated with Seogagjihwang-tang.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.60-72
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• 2019

Purpose: To determine effects of irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience on depression in infertile women. Methods: Subjects were 118 infertile women who agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from April 16 to July 31, 2018. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation and multiple regression with SPSS WIN 23.0 program. Results: Depression significantly differed according to the burden of treatment cost and presence of people giving stress. Depression showed significantly positive correlation with irrational parenthood cognition and significantly negative correlations with family support and resilience. Factors affecting depression were irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience. Irrational parenthood cognition had the greatest effect on depression. These three variables explained 35.8% of total variance. Conclusion: Irrational parenthood cognition, family support, and resilience affected depression of infertile women, with irrational parenthood cognition having the greatest effect. Therefore, it is important to develop and implement programs that can reduce irrational parenthood cognition and increase family support and resilience in order to lower depression of infertile women. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.205-217
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to analyze the characteristics and effectiveness of online-based intervention for infertile women. Methods: We established the PICO (Participant-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome) strategy and conducted a systematic review of 7 literatures retrieved from 3 electronic databases of Ovid-Medline, Ovid-Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Two investigators independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of included studies using Cochrane risk of bias. Results: The pregnancy outcome showed that higher total risk scores (TRS) about lifestyle behavior was significantly associated with lower chance of pregnancy (aHR 0.79, 95% CI 0.72~0.85). Stress was significantly decreased in experimental groups receiving online-based interventions (p<.05). Depression score was significantly lower in groups receiving additional interventions besides on-line interventions than those who used online-based intervention only. The other outcomes, including anxiety, self-efficacy, helpfulness of intervention, perceived social support, and knowledge scores were not significantly different within and between groups in overall. Characteristics of the interventions were heterogeneous. Conclusion: There is evidence that online-based intervention in infertile women enhances the pregnancy and reduces stress levels.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2004

Objectives: Klinefelter syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility and presents with 47, XXY mainly or 46, XX/47, XXY mosaicism. It is characterized by hypogonadism and azoospermia due to testicular failure, however, sporadic cases of natural pregnancies have been reported. With the development of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm can be retrieved successfully and ART is applied in these patients for pregnancy. It has been suggested that the risk of chromosome aneuploidy for both sex chromosome and autosome is increased in the sperms from 47, XXY germ cells. Considering the risk for chromosomal aneuploidy in the offspring, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) could be applied as a safe and more effective treatment option in Klinefelter syndrome. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of PGD cycles by using FISH for sex chromosome and autosome in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Materials and Methods: From Jan. 2001 to Dec. 2003, PGD was attempted in 8 cases of Klinefelter syndrome but TESE was failed to retrieve sperm in the 3 cases, therefore PGD was performed in 8 cycles of 5 cases (four 47, XXY and one 46, XY/47, XXY mosaicism). In one case, ejaculated sperm was used and in 4 cases, TESE sperm was used for ICSI. After fertilization, blastomere biopsy was performed in $6{\sim}7$ cell stage embryo and the chromosome aneuploidy was diagnosed by using FISH with CEP probes for chromosome X, Y and 17 or 18. Results: A total of 127 oocytes were retrieved and ICSI was performed in 113 mature oocytes. The fertilization rate was $65.3{\pm}6.0%$ (mean$\pm$SEM) and 76 embryos were obtained. Blastomere biopsy was performed in 61 developing embryos and FISH analysis was successful in 95.1% of the biopsied blastomeres (58/61). The rate of balanced embryos for chromosome X, Y and 17 or 18 was $39.7{\pm}6.9%$. The rate of aneuploidy for sex chromosome (X and Y) was $45.9{\pm}5.3%$ and $43.2{\pm}5.8%$ for chromosome 17 or 18, respectively. Embryo transfer was performed in all 8 cycles and mean number of transferred embryos was $2.5{\pm}0.5$. In 2 cases, clinical pregnancies were obtained and normal 46, XX and 46, XY karyotypes were confirmed by amniocentesis, respectively. Healthy male and female babies were delivered uneventfully at term. Conclusion: The patients with Klinefelter syndrome can benefit from ART with TESE and ICSI. Considering the risk of aneuploidy for both sex chromosome and autosome in the sperms and embryos of Klinefelter syndrome, PGD could be offered as safe and more effective treatment option.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1998

세포질내 정자주입술은 불임치료에 도입된 이후 남성불임 극복에 성공적으로 이용되고 있다. 세포질내 정자주입술 시행 후 수정률, 난할률과 발생된 배아의 상태는 여러 가지 요인에 의해 영향을 받으며, 난자의 상태에 따라 영향을 받는 지에 대해서 아직까지는 논란이 많다. 본 연구에서는 세포질내 정자주입술의 결과가 난자의 상태에 따라 영향을 받는지를 알아보기 위하여 세포질내 정자주입술을 시행한 44례에서 전과정을 현미경에 부착된 CCD 카메라를 통하여 녹화하였다. 그리고 각각의 난자에 대하여 세포질내 함유물의 존재 여부, 위란강의 넓이, 위란강내 세포질 잔기의 존재 여부, 난자의 세포막의 탄력성을 관찰, 기록하여 ICSI시행 후 수정률과 발생된 배아의 상태를 비교, 관찰하였다. 결과를 살펴보면 수정률은 세포질내 함유물의 존재 여부, 위란강의 넓이, 위란강내 세포질 잔기의 존재 여부에 따라서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 난자의 세포막의 탄력성의 차이에 따른 퇴화율은 주입미세관이 들어가면서 난자의 세포막이 뚫리는 경우가 17.7%, 난자의 세포질을 흡입하여 난자의 세포막이 뚫린 경우가 1.6%로 유의한 차이 (P<0.001)를 나타내었다. 발생된 배아의 상태는 각각의 경우에 대해서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 원인별 난자의 상태는, 여성요인 환자와 남성요인 환자에서 세포질내 함유물을 갖는 난자의 비율은 각각 48.4%, 25.1% (P<0.001), 위란강이 넓은 난자의 비율은 각각 35.2%, 19.0% (P<0.001), 위란강내 세포질 잔기가 존재하는 난자의 비율은 각각 53.3%, 38.4% (P<0.05)로 여성요인 환자에서 유의하게 높았다. 결론적으로 세포질내 정자주입술 후 수정률과 발생된 배아의 발생률은 광학현미경하에서 관찰한 난자의 상태와 상관관계가 없는 것으로 사료되며, 세포질내 정자주입술 후 난자의 퇴화율은 난자 세포막의 탄력성과 상관관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다.rine 또는 autocrine조절물질로 작용하여 GH 분비 외에도 뇌하수체 전엽 세포들의 분화와 분열등에 관여함을 시사한다..3 unit의 잔존활성을 보였으나 중심온도가 9$0^{\circ}C$와 10$0^{\circ}C$일 때 잔존활성은 측정되지 않았다.>에서 뚜렷한 효과를 나타내었다.비율이 높은 반면 Malaysia 거주자들은 중국음식, 만두 및 면류의 이용이 비교적 많은 편이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 외국에 거주하면서 한국의 전통적인 특성을 간직하고자 하는 의식을 가지고 있음을 볼 수 있으며 하루 세끼의 식사형태에서 밥을 중심으로 하는 비율은 국내 보다 크게 낮았지만 여전히 다른 식사형태 보다 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 한국 고유의 식문화 특성을 가지면서 거주지역의 식품생산 및 사회 문화적 특성에 영향을 받음으로써 거주국의 식품, 식사 형태, 조리방법을 도입하는 등 부분적으로 변화가 진행되고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다.가장 시급한 개선점이라고 생각된다. 따라서 효과적인 급식운영을 하기 위해서는 학교식당은 맛, 다양한 메뉴의 식단, 위생, 가격의 저렴 등을 통해서 급식대상자들이 만족한 급식을 할 수 있도록 체계적인 관리 및 운영을 통해 적극적으로 개선해 나가야 할 것으로 사료된다.er (p<0.05), $T_{max}$ might be an insignificant parameter because cyclosporin A generally requires long-term administration. From these results, the two products are bioequivalent.alent.t.>, C-a. and T-between the two products (7.18%, 9.58% and 7.53%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-7) and

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권4호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2016

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder with several clinical presentations. This study was undertaken in the Azeri Turkish population in Iran, to investigate gender differences in the age at onset and diagnosis, age of death, and duration of illness of CF. Methods: The data of 331 CF patients from 2001 to 2015 was surveyed. Parameters including age, sex, ${\Delta}F508$ mutation, age at onset, age at diagnosis, age of death and clinical presentations were evaluated for both sexes, using descriptive analysis. The association of gender with these variables was studied using logistic regression, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test by SPSS version 18. Odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95% and $p{\leq}0.05$ was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 191 males (57.7%) and 140 females (42.3%), all showing statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Age duration differed between genders. Male and female patients were further under 9 and 4 years, respectively. The occurrence of ${\Delta}F508$ mutation was 0.51 times more in females than in males. Age, diagnosis and sex were closely associated: males were diagnosed at a significantly later age than females (p=0.05). While this compression performed based on clinical presentations, males with respiratory disease had a later median age at diagnosis than females at lifespan (p=0.001). The risk of infertility in males was approximately two times greater than in females (p=0.02). Conclusion: These findings indicate gender differences in CF patients. Future studies are needed to establish other differences and evaluate the causes for the gender variations.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2000

수정에 의한 배 발생은 정자가 난자 내로 침입하여 정자와 난자의 반수체 핵질이 융합되고 이어 유사분열로 이어지는 과정에서 시작된다. 하지만 수정 및 초기 배 발생 동안 자웅 핵질과 난 세포질 구성 요소 상호간의 작용기전에 관해서는 명확히 알려져 있지 않은 부분이 많다. 수정보조기법인 세포질 내 정자 직접 주입법의 개발은 남성불임치료에 혁신적인 기술로 자리잡고 있을 뿐만 아니라 포유동물의 수정과정을 이해하는데 많은 도움을 주고 있다. 핵치환에 의한 복제동물 생산기법도 분화된 핵이 난 세포질 내에서 재 분화 (reprogramming)하여 발생하는 유일한 과정으로 세포질 구성요소들의 상호작용과 발생 조절 기능을 이해하는데 도움을 준다. 최근 몇 년간 돼지 난자 세포질에 정자 및 원형정자 직접주입, 세포질 이식, 세포질 융합 및 핵치환 한 후 난자의 발생과정을 간접 면역형광 분석법과 주사 전자현미경으로 조사하였다. 이러한 연구를 통해 체외수정, 세포질 이식 및 정자직접 주입법 등과 같은 임상치료기술 과 핵치환에 의한 복제동물생산 기법의 개선에 필요한 기초자료를 얻을 수 있었고, 포유동물 난자의 후생적 발생과정 (epigenesis)에 관해 공부할 수 있었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.74-84
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• 2011

Objectives: Palmul-tang (hachimotsu-to in Japanese and bawu-tang in Chinese) is a mixture of eight herbs. It is traditionally used for the treatment of anemia, anorexia, general weakness, and female infertility in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Palmul-tang water extract (PTE) against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. Material and Methods: Acute gastric lesions were induced by intragastric administration of 5mL/kg body weight of absolute ethanol to each rat. Control group rats were given PBS orally and the ethanol group (EtOH group) received absolute ethanol (5mL/kg) by oral gavage. The positive control group and the PTE group were given oral doses of omeprazole (50mg/kg) or PTE (400mg/kg), respectively, 2 h prior to the administration of absolute ethanol. The stomach of each animal was excised and examined for gastric mucosal lesions. To confirm the protective effects of PTE, we evaluated the degree of lipid peroxidation, the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the stomach. Results: PTE reduced ethanol-induced hemorrhage and hyperemia in the gastric mucosa. PTE reduced the increase in lipid peroxidation associated with ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions and increased mucosal GSH content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: These results indicate that PTE protects gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury by increasing antioxidant status. We suggest that PTE could be developed as an effective drug for the treatment of acute gastric injury.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2004

Uterine leiomyoma is the most common tumor in the female genital tract. Although the tumor is benign, it is of paramount importance since it often causes profuse menstrual bleeding, pressure symptoms, and infertility. Nevertheless, the etiology and patholphysiology of this abnormality remain poorly understood. The traditional definitive treatment for uterine leiomyomas is hysterectomy and, even today, symptomatic leiomyomas are the leading cause of hysterectomy in Korea. Clearly, the development of a safe, effective, and nonsurgical method of treatment for leiomyoma would be of great benefit to many women. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Rhubarb on apoptosis in uterine leiomyoma cells. Results demonstrate that Rhubarb inhibited cell growth in dose-dependent manner. Cell growth significantly decreased to 60% of control in the treatment of Rhubarb (300㎍/㎖). Associated with the decreased response, there was a concomitant and significant delay of subG1 8.32% above baseline in the treatment of Rhubarb (300㎍/㎖). The delay of subG1 showed a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by the flow cytometry. The reduced cellular viability on exposure to Rhubarb may represent the induction of apoptosis, at least in part, as concomitantly evidenced by enhanced DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage and caspase 9 and decreased pro-caspase 3. In addition, Rhubarb decreased clAP1 expression levels in dose-dependent manner. Talcen together, there results suggest that Rhubarb can produce a potent inhibition effect of apoptosis and implicate the delay of G1 phase in the cell cycle and pathways of caspase 3 and 9 in the mechanism underlying inhibitory apoptosis effect of Rhubarb.