• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2005

The maturity and spawning of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, was studied using samples caught by gillnets in the East Sea from January to December 2003. Monthly changes of maturity observed with the naked eyes for females showed that maturing Pacific cod appeared from August, and their numbers increased to $83\%\;and\;100\%$ in November and December, respectively. In January, mature and spawning Pacific cod were observed for the first time and composed over $40\%$ of the population. In February, the proportion of spawning individuals increased to over $50\%$, however, the mature individuals decreased to less than $10\%$. In March, mature fish were not found, and all were in an immature (spent) or spawning state. From April to July all fish remained in immature condition. The males maintained this trend with the females, whereas, mature males appeared from November to March. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of females and males showed higher values both in January and February and declined sharply in March. The lower value remained until October and then began to increase from November for the female population. For the males, however, this value remained lower until August, and then began to increase from September, and showed higher values in October through December than in January and February. These results indicated that the spawning season of Pacific cod was from December to March, and the main spawning season was from January to February, and the period of the spawning season was longer for males than the females. The diameter of the matured oocytes was 0.80-1.10 mm with a single mode of 0.95 mm. Fecundity was 1,300,000-9,400,000 in total length of 65-95 cm and the relationship between the total length (TL, cm) and fecundity (Fc) was Fc= $180,248\timesTL-10,883,638$. The total length at first maturity was observed at 57 cm for females and 47 cm for males. The size at $50\%$ group maturity was estimated to be 63.9 cm for females and 56.0 cm for males.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2014

This study seeks to identify the effects of light pollution and environmental factors on Great Tits(Parus major) bird's chirping at dawn. For this research, the campus of Sanji University, Wonju, South Korea was selected as the area with light pollution and the western forest of the Chiaksan National Park was chosen as the natural area herein. The Recording period was between March 26th and May 30th, 2014. As a result of analyzing the chirping time according to light pollution, it was found that the light pollution area clearly showed earlier chirping time than the natural area (p<0.05). Great Tits(P. major) normally start their first chirping before sunrise and in most of the days under investigation of this research, those in Sanji University started to chirp earlier. This faster chirping time seems to improve the chance for the female birds to mate with immature males thus, baby birds hatch earlier than the appropriate breeding season and results in the lack of feed resources. The correlation between Great Tits'(P. major) dawn chirping and environmental factors were investigated herein including the time of sunrise, civil twilight, navigation twilight, astronomical twilight, average temperature, highest temperature, lowest temperature, time of moonrise and cloudiness. The first chirping time of wild birds in the day was found to have correlations with all of the environmental factors excluding the time of moonrise and cloudiness. Great Tits(P. major) started their first chirping before sunrise when the day started to break around civil twilight. Along with the earlier sunrise and higher air temperature, their dawn chirping time was also quickened. The time of moonrise and cloudiness did not show a correlation and further follow-up studies will be necessary in this regard.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.3 s.136
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• pp.211-215
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• 2004

Temperature-fecundity of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, was studied at constant temperatures ranging from 15 to $32.5^{\circ}C$ under $60-70\%$ RH and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) A life table parameters were constructed using the results. The longevity of A. gossypii gradually increased with decreasing temperature below $27.5^{\circ}C$. Also fecundity increased with decreasing temperature and the highest fecundity was 61.8 nymphs per female at $17.5^{\circ}C$. However. daily fecundity increased with increasing temperatures up to $22.5^{\circ}C$ showing 5.9 nymphs per day and thereafter decreased. Longevity and fecundity of the adult in the greenhouse with an average temperature of $21^{\circ}C$ and $65.6\%$ RH, were 20.0 days and 59.6, respectively, which were longer and higher than those in the growth chamber with similar conditions. net reproductive rate (Ro) was 54.9 at $17.5^{\circ}C$ while intrinsic rate of increase ($r_m$) and finite rate of increase ($\lambda$) were the highest 0.5 and 1.6 at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. doubling time (DT) and mean generation time (T) were the shortest 1.4 and 6.8 at $30^{\circ}C$ indicating that optimal temperature for the development is $30^{\circ}C$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1493-1498
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with a rising incidence rate in most countries. Considering the increase in life expectancy and change in lifestyle of Iranian women, this study investigated the age-adjusted trend of breast cancer incidence during 2000-2009 and predicted its incidence to 2020. Materials and Methods: The 1997 and 2006 census results were used for the projection of female population by age through the cohort-component method over the studied years. Data from the Iranian cancer registration system were used to calculate the annual incidence rate of breast cancer. The age-adjusted incidence rate was then calculated using the WHO standard population distribution. The five-year-age-specific incidence rates were also obtained for each year and future incidence was determined using the trend analysis method. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated through the joinpoint regression method. Results: The bias adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer increased from 16.7 per 100,000 women in 2000 to 33.6 per 100,000 women in 2009. The incidence of breast cancer had a growing trend in almost all age groups above 30 years over the studied years. In this period, the age groups of 45-65 years had the highest incidence. Investigation into the joinpoint curve showed that the curve had a steep slope with an APC of 23.4% before the first joinpoint, but became milder after this. From 2005 to 2009, the APC was calculated as 2.7%, through which the incidence of breast cancer in 2020 was predicted as 63.0 per 100,000 women. Conclusions: The age-adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer continues to increas in Iranian women. It is predicted that this trend will continue until 2020. Therefore, it seems necessary to prioritize the prevention, control and care for breast cancer in Iran.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6481-6490
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• 2015

Background: Esophageal cancer (EC) is among the most common malignancies in Eastern Africa, but the occurrence of EC in Sudan has rarely been described in the scientific literature. This paper reports the results of a consecutive case series of all EC patients who visited one of the two public cancer treatment centers in the country in 1999-2012, providing a first description of this disease in a treatment center located in central Sudan. Materials and Methods: Clinical and demographic data for all EC patients who visited the Department of Oncology of the National Cancer Institute at the University of Gezira (NCI-UG) from 1999 to the end of 2012 were abstracted and tabulated by sex, tumor type and other characteristics. Results: A total of 448 EC patients visited NCI-UG in 1999-2012, and the annual number of EC cases increased steadily from 1999. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the predominant EC tumor type (90%), and adenocarcinoma (ADC) was reported in 9.4% of the EC cases. The overall male-to-female ratio for EC was 1:1.8, but the ratio was tumor type-dependent, being 1:2 for SCC and 2:1 for ADC. Only 20% of EC patients reported having ever used tobacco and/or alcohol, and the vast majority of these patients were male. At the time of EC diagnosis, 47.3% of the patients resided in Gezira State. Some EC patients from Gezira State seek out-of-state treatment in the national capital of Khartoum instead of visiting NCI-UG. Conclusions: The annual number of EC patients visiting NCI-UG has increased in recent years, approximately half of these patients being from Gezira State. Although this consecutive series of EC patients who visited NCI-UG was complete, it did not capture all EC patients from the state. A populationbased cancer registry would provide more complete data required to better understand EC patterns and risk factors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3595-3600
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• 2016

Background: To investigate the association between preoperative pathological Ki-67 labeling index and serum tumor marker cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) with clinic-pathological parameters and treatment outcomes in early breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study at 4 cancer centers in Saudi Arabia and Egypt was performed. Data were collected for female patients diagnosed with unilateral early breast cancer between March 2010 and October 2013. Cases treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by surgery and radiotherapy were included. NACT included 6-8 cycles of anthracycline and taxane based regimens. Trastuzumab and hormonal treatments were added according to HER2 and hormone receptor status. Baseline serum CA15.3 and pathological Ki67 levels were evaluated and correlated with disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 280 pts was included. The median age was 49 years (38-66 y) and median overall survival was 35 (20-38) months (mo). Estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR) and HER 2 receptors were positive in 233 (83.2%), 198 (70%) and 65 cases (23.2%), respectively. High preoperative Ki67 and CA15.3 were noted in 177 (63.2%) and 131 (46.8%). A total of 45 (16%) patients had distal or local recurrence and 24 (8.6%) died of their disease. Most of the relapsed cases had high preoperative Ki-67 (n=41, 91%) and CA15.3 (n=28, 62%) values. All of the patients who died had a high Ki-67 but CA15.3 was high in 9 (37%) only. Mean DFS/OS in patients with high preoperative Ki-67 was 32 months /32 months as compared to 37 months/35 months in those with normal Ki-67 (p<0.001). Correlation of preoperative CA15.3 and survival was statistically not significant. Conclusions:Preoperative Ki-67 can be a predictive and prognostic marker. Higher levels are associated with poor DFS and OS in patients with early BC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5111-5116
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• 2013

Background: Early in the 21st century, cancers are the second cause of death worldwide. Colon cancer is third most common cancer and one of the few amenable to early diagnosis and treatment. Evaluation of factors affecting this cancer is important to increase survival time. Some of these factors affecting all diseases including cancer are social determinants of health. According to the importance of this disease and relation with these factors, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between social determinants of health and colon cancer survival. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study for patients with colon cancer registered in the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, from April 2005 to November 2006, performed using questionnaires filled by telephone interview with patients (if patients had died, with family members). Data was analyzed with SPSS software (version 19) for descriptive analysis and STATA software for survival analysis including log rank test and three step Cox Proportional Hazard regression. Results: Five hundred fifty nine patients with ages ranging from 23 to 88 years with mean${\pm}$standard deviation of $63{\pm}11.8$ years were included in the study. The five year survival was 68.3%( 387 patients were alive and 172 patients were dead by the end of the study). The Cox proportional hazard regression showed 5-year survival was related to age (HR=0.53, p=0.042 for>50 years versus<50 years old) in first step, gender (HR=0.60, p=0.006 for female versus male) in second step, job (HR=1.7, p=0.001 for manual versus non manual jobs), region of residency (HR=3.49, p=0.018 for west versus south regions), parents in childhood (HR=2.87, p=0.012 for having both parents versus not having), anatomical cancer location (HR=2.16, p<0.033 for colon versus rectal cancer) and complete treatment (HR=5.96, p<0.001 for incomplete versus complete treatment). Conclusions: Social determinants of health such as job, city region residency and having parents during childhood have significant effects in 5-year survival of colon cancer and it may be better to consider these factors in addition to developing cancer treatment and to focus on these determinants of health in long-time planning.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2008

We studied 1809 oral cancer patients who visited and were treated in 2002 at the 148 institutions certified as training facilities by the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, which is composed of 39 dental university hospitals, 44 medical university hospitals, 64 general hospitals, and 1 unknown institution. The patients consisted of 1071 (59.2%) males and 738 (40.8%) females (male:female ratio, 1.45:1), who had a mean age of 65.2 years old. The tongue (40.2%) was the most common site affected, followed by the gingiva (32.7%), buccal mucosa (10.1%), and oral floor (9.0%). There were 6 cases of intraoral multiple cancer. In histopathological examinations, squamous cell carcinoma (88.7%) was the most common type found, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (2.1%), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1.7%). In addition, non-epithelial tumors comprised 1.8%, among which malignant melanoma was the most common type. Cases classified as T2N0 were the most common (32.1%), followed by T1N0 (21.4%), T4N0 (8.0%), and T2N1 (7.6%). Distant metastasis occurred in 17 patients (1.0%). The sizes of the non-epithelial malignant tumors ranged from 1.0 to 7.0 cm, with a mean size of 3.7 cm.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1001-1014
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is about discovering the basic references to find the ways to vitalize handicapped dental clinics. Methods : The study was analyzed by the satisfactions of those patients who took the advantages of using the dental care at B-welfare center and also their transformed perceptions after the services are influenced. The analysis was the questionnaire consisting of 100 items and survey data. Results : 1. The satisfaction of the dental service for the disabled was respectively high which was the average of 4.49. 2. Their satisfactions of receiving kindness services by volunteers and employees were the highest in the entire research of successful handicapped dental services and it was 4.78 overall. 3. The satisfaction of using handicapped dental clinic has the higher range of female users than male's. In the mean time treatment details of the dental care and the satisfaction towards to the volunteers and faculty at the center show the statistical significance gap. 4. The oral care service after experiencing the dental clinic for handicapped relived their discomforts of using the regular dental clinic which shows their highest satisfaction as it is the point of 4.75. 5. the change perception after dental treatment for handicapped has the higher range of females than men's and solving the problems of mouth reference and discomfort of using regular clinics show the statistical significance gap. 6. In the change perception after having dental treatment for handicapped the thought of the possibility of periodical dental care shows the highest perception when the number of visiting is usually shorter and it shows the statistical significance. Conclusions : According to the satisfaction of those inpatients who use free dental care services that belong to dental clinics for handicapped in a part of Seoul welfare centers human services were appeared as the most important factor due to their advantages of taking services from volunteers and staff members. On the other hand to enhance the medical treatment information and environment which showed the weakest factors each inpatient should be specifically specialized for their needs and also further study on plans which enhance their perceptions toward to a better quality of oral-related life is required after using dental treatment service.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.60-76
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• 2007

In this study, the effect of a sustainable energy design project on academic achievement for engineering freshmen at Virginia Tech in fall semester 2006 in the United States was examined by experimental method. The department of engineering education at Virginia Tech was opened in 2004. In this experiment the population was approximately 1200 freshmen, and 5 classes were sampled. Subject name is engineering exploration, a theme of the instruction is sustainable energy design, the project was performed throughout a 6 weeks period with one by 50 minutes lecture conducted by faculty and one 90 minutes workshop conducted by GTAs (Graduate Teaching Assistants) every week. The statistical results using SPSS (ver. 15.0) are as follows: A paired-samples t test analysis was run on the pre- and posttest to determine academic achievement, the results indicated a significant increase in 4 classes of mixed gender at .05 significance level, but there was no significance at 1 group of female class. A paired-samples t test analysis was run on the pre- and posttest to get an attitude score, the results showed, the posttest scores decreased for 5 groups even though it was not statistically significant. Finally, in responses to an open-ended question about students' perceptions of their improvement in skills, the 3 most frequently identified skills were teamwork, design process, knowledge.