• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.834-846
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• 2017

Aquaculture practices to ensure greater production, such as high density breeding and excessive feeding, are become stressors that raise the prevalence of diseases. Accordingly, increasingly large volumes of antibiotics are used more frequently each year. Long term use antibiotics can generate resistant bacteria, which interrupt treatments and cause a potential transfer to human bodies. Thus, antibiotic resistance is of importance in public health. Tetracycline (Tc) is one of the typical medicines used in the aquaculture drugs, which has a wide range of application including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In the examination of 153 strains isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farms located in Jeju in 2016, it turned out that a total of 84 strains were resistant to Tc or oxytetracycline (OTC). The extent to which the strains are resistant to Tc and OTC was confirmed through MIC test, mostly within the range of 25 to $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Twelve different types of tet genes were detected using single and multiplex PCR in the 84 Tc-resistant strains. The PCR was used to find tet(K), tet(M), tet(O), and tet(S), which are known to exist primarily in gram positive strains. According to the results, - tet(S) is the most dominant gene in 49 strains of Streptococcus parauberis, accounting for 63.2%. And there were two strains that have two different types of resistant genes. The multiplex PCR was used to detect tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), and tet(G), which are commonly found in gram-negative strains. Each of tet(B), tet(D), and tet(B)&(M) was found in a strain presumed to be Vibrio sp., and only tet(D) was found in 10 Edwardsiella tarda strains.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2001

Milk data may be increasingly used as indicators of the protein-energy balance and actual farm feeding practices. It was related to milk production, nutritional and reproductive disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between level of fat, protein or milk urea nitrogen (MUN) from the first test within 35 days in milk and displaced abomasum (DA) in a large dairy herd with high yielding Holstein cows. Milk data from forty-five DA cases were compared to those from 90 healthy cows. Higher odds of DA diagnosis was found with higher 5.0% milk fat, lower 3.0% milk protein. Therefore, cows with a fat to protein ratio of>1.5 had higher risks for DA. Also, incidence rates of DA was higher in the cows which the level of MUN was lower than 12.0 mg/dl or higher than 25.0 mg/dl relative to healthy cows. These results indicate that cows diagnosed with DA were energy deficient prior to DA diagnosis. We conclude that level of fat, protein or MUN serve as a monitoring tool of protein and energy nutritional balance in early lactation cows and also as a significant predictor of risk for DA.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1255-1255
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• 2001

The study used 356 veal calf meat samples received from Finland (n=16), France (n=109), Italy (n=81) and The Netherlands (n=150). Calves were raised under experimental protocols that compared feeding and housing practices normally used in each county to treatments aiming at improving animal welfare. Samples were taken at the $8^{th}$ rib of Longissimus thoracis muscle 24h after slaughter, They were kept refrigerated ( $2-4^{\circ}C$) under vacuum package for 6d and then frozen ($-20^{\circ}C$) until meat quality evaluation. Measurements included pH, color (Hunter Lab system), shear force, chemical composition (DM, Ash, Ether Extract, collagen and haematin content), weight and area cooking losses and a sensory evaluation by a group of panelists. A sample of meat was ground with a blade mill and scanned in duplicate between 1100 and 1498 nm (FOSS NIR Systems 5000). WinISI software was used to develop a discriminating equation using NIR spectra (SNV-detrend, derivative=1, gap=4nm, smooth=4nm). The Proc ANOVA and DISCRIM of SAS were used for all the laboratory determinations. County of production had a significant (P<0.01) effect on all the parameters. However, discriminant analysis using any or few laboratory parameters resulted in great errors of county classification. A more accurate (98.8%) classification was obtained only when using all the laboratory parameters. NIRS classified correctly 354 of the 356 samples (99.4%). Provided with a larger data set, NIRS could be used to identify country of production of veal meat.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2008

Protein-energy malnutrition is regarded as one of the public health problems in developing countries as a result of poor feeding practices due to poverty. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating nutritional quality of a potential weaning food formulated from locally available food materials. The cooking banana fruit(CB) and bambara groundnut seeds(BG) were purchased from local market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The CB and BG were processed into flours, mixed in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 and subjected into proximate, sensory and biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Nutrend(a commercial formula) and ogi(corn gruel, a traditional weaning food) were used as control. The nutritient composition(g/100 g) of the food samples were ranged as follows: moisture 2.94-6.94, protein 7.02-16.0, ash 1.76-2.99, fat 0.76-8.45, fibre 1.52-3.75, carbohydrate 63.84-88.43 and energy 1569.8-1665.7 kcal. The biological value(BV), net protein retention(NPR), protein efficiency ratio(PER) and feed efficiency ratio(FER) of the experimental food samples were significantly(p<0.05) lower than nutrend, but higher than ogi. The haematological variables of rats fed with formulated food samples, commercial formula(nutrend) and traditional weaning food(ogi) were not significantly(p>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. However, the values obtained for red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), pack cell volume(PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) were higher in the experimental food samples than the commercial food. The growth rate of animals fed with experimental food samples were lower than those fed with the nutrend, but higher than those fed with ogi. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of CB and fermented BG mix of 60:40 ratio was better than ogi; and comparable to the nutrend. This implies that it can be used to replace low quality traditional weaning food and the expensive commercial weaning formula.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1980

Since the first dietitian was produced in Korean about 15 years ago the Korena Dietetic Association has grown up to have its 8,500 members as of March, 1979. This study was undertaken to survey the status of hospital dietitians and their bob analysis. current practices were learned and the problems identified mainly in such aspects as : 1. Do the hospitals have enough dietitians? 2.What is the administrative position of the dietetics in the hospital? 3. What is the salary level of the dietitians? 4. How professional are the dietitian's daily tasks? How appropriately are the jobs distributed among the dietary employees? and 5. Do the hospital dietetics have their own diet manuals to go by? The findings are : 1. The severly lacking number of dietitians are employed by the hospitals where one dietitian is responsible for the feeding and nutrition education of 171 in-patients on the average. 2. The administrative position of hospital dietetics appears to be low showing administrative position of hospital dietetics appears to be low showing only 45.7% of the sample hospitals recognize their dietetics as the independent department or section. 3. The starting salary of the 4-year college graduate dietitians is 151,450 won which is 89.23-87.26% of the average starting salary for the 4-year college graduates I 1979. The starting salary for the 4-year college graduates in 1979. the starting salary of the 2-year college graduate dietitians is 148,000 won which is 113.9% of the average standard salary for the 2-year college graduates in 1979. 4. The hospital dietitians spend most of their time doing clerical jobs rather than the jobs utilizing higher priority professional skills they ought to perform. the most obvious cause of the problem can be found in the lack of man power for the general clerical jobs in the dietetics which can be proven from the small number of dietary clerks hired by the sample hospitals not even one person (0.45) per hospital on the average. 5. 68.6% of the sample dietetics have some form of compiled diet manuals or guidelines. 11.4% of the samples have diet guide lines ready for the important diets only. 14.3% of the samples do not have any form of diet guideline prepared. 5.7% of the samples use reference diet manuals from other hospitals when need.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.10-20
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the patients' perspectives on nursing students' clinical practices in the wards, and to investigate their willingness for allowing students to practice on them. Methods: This was a descriptive study. 116 inpatients were recruited from the S University Hospital. A 60-item questionnaire was applied to collect the data. The participants were 19 years and older with sound judgement, and were not in special or intensive care units. Data analysis was done in SPSS/WIN 22.0 using descriptive statistics, Fishers exact test, and the ANOVA test. the participant answered to questionnaire from April 29th 2016 to May 10th. Results: 40 participants (34.5%) stated they would allow students' practice, while 72 (61.2%) said they would allow only under staff supervision. 5 participants (4.3%) stated they would not allow whatsoever. The 3 most allowed were emotional support, oral care, and vital signs measurement while the 3 least allowed were gastric feeding, intravenous catheterization, and urinary catheterization. Conclusion: Patients were more inclined to allow students to practice on them when a member of the medical team was present. A fair number of participants said they would be more inclined to allow students' practice if they felt the student was competent; hence, reinforcing simulation sessions is vital in enhancing students' competency and ultimately practice allowance.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.734-743
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• 2012

High sodium consumption is a significant nutrition problem in South Korea; however, few studies have examined the awareness and practice of dietitians with respect to low sodium diet in schools. In this study, we collected data from 211 dietitians in 2012. Most respondents indicated that sodium reduction was important in school meals (very important 40.5%, somewhat important 55.6%); however, they rarely checked the sodium content in the nutrition labels of processed foods (never/rarely 74.2%, sometimes 18.7%, always/often 7.2%). The main reason for not checking the sodium content was 'no nutrition table on some processed foods' (38.5%). The most important barrier to sodium reduction in school meals was overcoming the negative taste of students related to a reduced-sodium diet (70.4%). The most frequently used processed foods were processed meat (e.g. ham, bacon) (48.3%), frozen dumplings and noodles (33.8%), and sausage and dressing (14.5%) in school meals. The proportion of dietitians who used processed food ${\geq}$ 2 times per week for the school menu was 72.2% in high school, 28.4% in middle school and 12.4% in elementary school (p<0.05). Upon ranking of the importance of nutrients in school menus, calories received the highest score (4.35 points), followed by macronutrient ratios (4.30), calcium (4.06), iron (3.44) and sodium (3.20). Although most dietitians recognized that sodium reduction was important in school menu planning, they had poor dietary practices. It is suggested that we educate dietitians as well as students about the importance and practice of a reduced sodium diet. Furthermore, it is critical to develop diverse low sodium recipes and have a required nutrition labeling system for all processed foods. Overall, the results of this study could serve as a guide to planning effective nutrition programs to reduce sodium consumption in school feeding programs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2021

This study investigated the morphological features, growth, and meat yield performance of Pekin (P), Nageswari (N), and their reciprocal F₁ crossbreds (P♂×N♀ and N♂×P♀). A total of 301-day-old ducklings were reared in four different pens up to 20 weeks of age under intensive management conditions. Feeding and management practices were similar for all individuals throughout the experimental period. The morphology and plumage pattern of F₁ crossbreds were similar to those of indigenous Nageswari ducks because of the dominant inheritance of the extended Black allele (E locus). Genotype had significant differences (P<0.05) among the four genotypes in morphometric measurements, except wing and shank length. Growth performance was highly significant among the four genotypes (P<0.001) from one-day to 12 weeks of age. The average live weights of P, N, P♂×N♀ and N♂×P♀ crossbred genotypes at 12 weeks of age were 2038.35±29.74, 1542.44±33.61, 1851.85±28.59 and 1691.08±27.80 g, respectively. Meat yield parameters varied significantly (P<0.05) among the different genotypes for all studied traits, except for liver and gizzard weight. Moreover, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between P and P♂×N♀ crossbred for important meat yield traits such as hot carcass weight, dressing%, back half weight, drumstick with thigh weight and breast meat weight. Remarkably, the P♂×N♀ crossbreed possesses 50% native inheritance, which contributes to better adaptation in a hot-humid environment. Our results revealed that the P♂×N♀ genotype could be suitable for higher meat production with better adaptability in the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.182-192
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• 2022

Objectives: Understanding the factors influencing mothers' decision to breastfeed their infants is essential to formulate effective breastfeeding interventions. This study explored the determinants of optimal breastfeeding indicators in Indonesia. Methods: We used the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey to analyze factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and continued breastfeeding at 1 year (CBF-1) and 2 years (CBF-2). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine bio-demographic, socio-cultural, and behavioral characteristics associated with breastfeeding after considering the survey design effect. Results: The risk of delayed breastfeeding initiation was higher among infants who were born smaller, first-born children, were delivered via cesarean delivery, and did not have immediate skin-to-skin contact (p<0.01). Infant's age, birth pattern, household wealth index, and the mother's occupation and smoking status were predictors of EBF (p<0.05). CBF-1 was less common among first-time mothers and those working in the non-agricultural sector, mothers from wealthier families, and mothers who had cesarean deliveries (p<0.01). Infant's age was negatively associated with CBF-2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 0.99). Mothers attending college were less likely to practice CBF-2 than those with no education or primary education (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.77). The absence of postnatal visits was a risk factor for CBF-1 and CBF-2 (p<0.05). Conclusions: Breastfeeding interventions in Indonesia should pay particular attention to at-risk groups such as women from wealthier families, working outside the agricultural sector, and with a higher education level. Nutrition-sensitive programs (e.g., postnatal care and smoking cessation) should also be encouraged.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2004

전남지역과 충청지역에 위치한 사업체 급식소에 소속된 영양사들을 대상으로 급식소의 운영현황, 식단작성 및 구매 관리, 다량 조리 생산 및 배식 관리, 조리작업중의 위생관리, 영양사 업무 실태 등 전반적인 급식소 운영 및 관리실태를 조사하여 두 지역 급식소의 관리실태를 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 영양사의 연령분포와 근무경력은 전남지역에 비해 충청 지역이 높았으며, 근무시간 역시 전남지역에 비해 충청지역에 근무하는 영양사가 더 길었고, 영양사의 겸직유무에서 전남지역에 비해 충청지역에서 영양사 고유 업무를 하는 비율이 높게 나타났다. 1일 급식횟수는 전남지역에서는 1일 3회, 충청지역은 1일 4회 급식하는 곳이 가장 높게 나타나 두 지역 간에 유의적인(p ＜ 0.001) 차이를 보였다. 급식인원 수는 전남지역은 급식인원이 200∼500명, 충청지역의 경우 500명 이상이 가장 높게 나타나 전남 지역에 비해 충청지역의 급식규모가 크게 나타나 두 지역 간에 유의적인(p ＜ 0.001) 차이가 있었다. 두 지역 급식소의 순수 식 재료비는 모두 1,500∼2,000원이 가장 높게 나타나 차이가 없었으며, 급식소의 운영형태 역시 차이가 없었다. 두 지역에서의 급식운영형태에 따른 식단의 유형은 두 지역 모두 단일 식단을 많이 실시하였고, 급식운영형태별로 보면 두 지역 모두 직영일수록 단일식단이 많았으며, 위탁일수록 복수식단이 많았다. 식단주기는 전남지역은 10∼15일 주기, 충청지역은 1주일 주기가 가장 높게 나타나 전남지역 영양사들이 식단주기를 길게 작성하여 유의적인(p＜0.001) 차이를 나타냈다. 두 지역 간의 급식운영형태에 따른 식단작성 시 가장 고려하는 사항은 두 지역 모두 비용이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 전남지역의 경우 직영과 위탁 모두 기호를 중시하였으며, 충청지역은 직영의 경우는 조리시설 및 기술을, 위탁의 경우는 영양을 더 고려하였다. 식품구입방법은 전남 지역은 54.5%가 전산시스템 자동발주, 충청지역은 전산자동발주보다 전화 및 메일 발주를 더 많이 이용하여 유의적인 차이 (p ＜ 0.01)를 나타냈다. 식품구입 대상은 전남지역에서는 중간상인, 충청지역은 도매시장을 많이 이용하여 유의성(p ＜ 0.001)이 있었다. 다량 조리 생산 시 가장 고려하는 사항은 조리방법, 노동력 분배, 기구 및 설비배치 순이었으나 지역간 차이는 없었다. 배식 시 1인분의 양 결정방법은 충청지역이 전남지역에 비해 배식 시 저울을 많이 사용하여 지역간에 차이를 나타냈다(p ＜ 0.001). 급식음식의 품질 평가 여부는 전남지역에 비해 충청지역이 품질 평가를 더 자주 하는 것으로 차이를 보였다(p ＜ 0.001). 급식소의 급식운영 형태에 따른 식기세척 방법은 충청지역에서는 세척기를 주로 이용하였고, 특히 직영에 비해 위탁급식에서 세척기를 더 많이 이용하였고, 전람 지역에서는 위탁에 비해 직영일 경우 두 가지 방법을 더 많이 병행하였다. 영양사의 주된 업무로 전남지역에서는 영양관리, 충청지역에서는 위생관리가 높게 나타나 유의성 (p ＜ 0.001)이 있었으며, 영양사로서 가장 힘든 사항은 두 지역 모두 예산부족 및 시설이 높았으나, 다음으로 전남지역은 인간관계, 충청지역은 과다한 업무로 두 지역 간에 유의적인(p ＜ 0.01) 차이를 나타냈다. 직업의 만족도는 전남지역에서는 영양사라는 직업에 대체로 만족하는 반면, 충북지역에서는 대체로 불만족치 비율이 높아 지역 간에 유의성(p ＜0.001)이 있었고, 대학전공과목 중 꼭 필요한 과목은 두 지역 모두 경영 및 인사관리와 조리과학 및 실습으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 단순히 전남, 충청 지역의 급식관리실태를 비교하고자 하였으나 결과적으로 두 지역의 급식운영형태와 급식규모면에서 차이가 있으므로 이러한 요인들을 제외하고 전남과 충청지역의 영양사 업무에 도움이 되는 기초자료가 되었으면 한다.