• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1998

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U.S. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants. Methods : A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preform infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or other genetic anomalies, major congenital infections, or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation)of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas : the demograghic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics. Results : 1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Mean birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of dischage from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurses for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specific aids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical envronment and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. There were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feed ing was 31/sup +5/ weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need. Conclusion : It, thus, appears that to minimize the sensorymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preform infant as the infants grow older in NICU.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

This study analyzed the services as operated by the Child Health Telephone Service Center. The Center is a toll free service operated as part of the community services of the Korean Academic Society of Child Health Nursing. The aim of the study was to describe the concerns of child caregivers regarding child health care as discussed during telephone counseling. Specific objectives were as follows: 1. To analyze the activities of the Center. 2. To describe the characteristics of caregivers who made phone calls for counseling services and also the characteristics of their children. 3. To analyze the content of the counseling sessions. 4. To analyze counseling content according to the characteristics of the caregivers and their children. Data used for the study were obtained from the counseling records for the period from Sept. to Dec. 1999, as kept by the three counselors at the Center. The total number of calls was 8,261 and that consisted of 15,150 questions. The total questions were merged into 13,236 by eliminating those questions which overlapped or were of similar content. The final 13,236 questions were used for the final analyses. Almost of the callers (98.4％) were mothers. Among them 89.6％ were between 25 and 35 years of age. Geographical distribution of the callers covered the whole nation. The largest numbers who made the calls were from the Seoul metropolitan area (36％), followed by 28％ from Kyung Gi Province, and 20％ were from the Kyung Sang area. Among 8,261 callers, 72.8％ were first users. Sex of the babies and children in question for counseling was about even for males and females and ages ranged from one month to six years. The largest group (62.5％) was the less than six month age group. The finalized 13,236 questions/problems were categorized into 11 problem areas. They were in order of frequency, physical problems, feedings and nutrient concerns, information on child rearing, growth and development, guidance on utilization of child care facilities, elimination problems, sleeping concerns, immunization related concerns, behavior problems, injury and accidents, and safety measures. The most frequent problems for counseling were physical signs and symptoms (27.3％), followed by feeding and nutrients, information on child rearing, and growth and development. Of physical problems, abnormal gastrointestinal signs and symptoms were the most frequent concern and skin problems were next at 25％ and 23.3％ respectively. Loose bowels, vomiting and constipation were the most frequent gastrointestinal problems. Atopic dermatitis had the highest frequency at 53.3％ with diaper rash being the second highest among the skin problems. About 80％ of the growth and developmental category were physical development concerns related to physiological, body growth, and motor and sensory development. This study constitutes the activity report for the first year of the Center. The findings correspond with literature reports on child health problems and parents educational needs. One recommendation from this study is that since the services of the Center are carried out only by telephone, the psychology of the counselees and the counselor relationship must be considered for better services.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effect of $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ on growth performance, organ phenomenon and cecum microflora in broiler chicks. The $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ was made by an ion exchange between illite and $silver(Ag^+)$. There were four treatment groups: negative control group(non-treatment), antibiotic supplement group (positive control), 0.5% $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplment group and 1.5% $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement group. Total 200 birds was assigned for this five replication tests, allocating 10 birds into each treatment. Experimental diets were formulated on isocalories and isonitrogen for the whole experimental period. Body weight gain was higher in antibiotic supplementation (+C) and $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement groups(S 0.5% and 51.5%) than the negative control group(-C), and feed efficiency was significantly enhanced with increase of the level of $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement. The length of small intestine was longer in +C than in -C and $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement groups (P<0.05), and the weight of small intestine was proportional to the level of $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement. Crop weight was lower in $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement group than in -C and +C groups (P<0.05), and the cecum weight was heavier in $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplementation group. Intestinal villi height was longer in 51.5% group at 3 weeks and 6 weeks of age than in -C and +C groups. With the respect of the formation of intestinal microflora, TBC and CBC was not affected by age and feed additive. However, the number of LAB was slightly higher in $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement group than in -C and +C groups.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare the growth performance between Korean native layer chickens and imported layer chickens at early rearing stage. Total number of chicks analyzed in this study was 276 and feeding period was conducted from July 24, 2012 for 10 weeks. Five strains including 2 Korean native strains: A=Korean Native Black (Chungcheongbuk-do) and B=Korean Native Yellowish Brown (Gyeongsangbuk-do) and 3 imported layer strains: C=White Leghorn (Gyeongsangnam-do), D=White Leghorn (Seoul), and E=Ameraucanas (Gyeongsangbuk-do) were used to analyze the following traits such as fertility, hatchability, body weight at a different growing stage, average body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. The fertilities and hatchabilities of strains were 93.88% and 95.65% in strain A, 81.75% and 86.24% in strain B, 82.25% and 88.15% in strain C, 79.25% and 90.85% in strain D, and 71.50% and 88.11% in strain E, respectively. A viability was excellent in strains A and E to be more than 98% and was low in strain D to be 86.67% at a whole week. The strain A had greater body weight during growing stages (p<0.05) than the other strains. The shank length of strain D of $56.69{\pm}3.27mm$ was the highest value at 10 weeks of age among strains (p<0.05). The phenotypic correlation coefficients of strains A and D between an average body weight gain and a shank length were 0.63 and 0.73 during 0~2 wk, 0.70 and 0.55 during 2~4 wk, 0.55 and 0.54 during 4~6 wk, 0.50 and 0.24 during 6~8 wk, and 0.46 and 0.29 during 8~10 wk, respectively. The Korean native hens may have potential abilities to be used as an excellent seed stock for poultry industry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

All diets were based on feeds of fattening period pigs(LY x D, ca. 90 kg) with six treatments, which were the control, containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallows and 2% perilla seeds oil(T1), 250 ppm vit. E(${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250 ppm vit. E in T3(T4), and 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(T5), respectively. Produced porks and their carcass characteristics were as follows. The daily gain of pigs was higher in T2 and 73 than any other treatments(p<0.05). Its T2 and T3 was 3.71 and 3.80 respectively, however, there was no significance in feed intake. The highest back fat thickness was shown in control group on market weight, while there was no significant difference on their initial weight. Loin-eye muscle area did not show any significant difference on initial weight and on market weight, however, its T5 was about twice as large as T2's. Content of triglyceride in blood was high in control group as compared to others; especially, the values for T3, T4 and T5 were significantly low(p <0.05). There was no significant difference in total cholesterol contents, and the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol was higher in vit. E treated samples than untreated sample. Atherogenic index was high in sample with T3 and low in sample with T2. The perilla seed oil, squid fish oil, and vit. E decreased atherogenic index. Dressing percentage, back fat thickness, and grade did not show any significant difference(p >0.05); however, T2, C and T3, T1 and T5 showed 4.67, 4.29, 4.00 respectively, in grades.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of non-specific immuno-stimulator(NIS) supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of eighty[Duroc${\times}$Yorkshir${\times}$Landrace] pigs(60.55${\pm}$3.72 kg in average initial body weight) were used for a 9-week assay. Dietary treatments included as follows 1) CON(basal diet), 2) NIS1(basal diet for 6 weeks and 0.05% NIS for 3 weeks), 3) NIS2(basal diet for 3 weeks and 0.05% NIS for 6 weeks) and 4) NIS3(0.05% NIS for 9 weeks). Average daily gain during the feeding period was not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). However, average daily feed intake was higher in NIS2 than CON(p<0.05). Backfat thickness did not differ among the treatments(p>0.05). The appearance rate of A or B carcass grade was much higher in NIS1 (58%) and NIS3 (75%) than CON(50%) and NIS2(50%). L＊(lightness) value of loin was higher in NIS1 and NIS3 than CON and NIS2. However, there was no effect by dietary NIS(p>0.05). Although a＊(redness) value of loin was lower in CON than other treatments, there was no significant difference among the treatments(p>0.05). No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties(marbling, firmness and color) among the treatments. The results from the present study suggest that NIS could be an effective feed additive to improve pork quality. However, further research is needed to investigate effect of carcass characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.464-469
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• 2000

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) as a source of protein and sago meal (SM) as a source of carbohydrate on in situ and in vivo digestibility of dietary components in four male goats (Kambing Katjang) and four male sheep (Malin) weighing 25-35 kg. Rumen volume, as well as rumen fluid dilution rate were also determined. The animals were housed in single pens with individual feeding and drinking troughs and each animal was fitted with a rumen fistula. They were fed two diets : chopped rice straw+200 g soybean meal (SBM), and chopped rice straw+190 g soybean meal+300 g sago meal (SBM+SM). Rice straw was offered ad libitum. The supplements were isonitrogenous (80 g crude protein/animal/d), but the proportions of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were lower in the SBM supplement (191, 165, 11, 40, 15 g/animal/d for DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF, respectively) than in the SBM+SM supplement (445, 423, 25, 102, 38 g/animal/d for DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF, respectively). Two animals from each species were fed either supplement in a cross-over design in two periods. Each period lasted for four weeks. In situ and in vivo digestibility studies were carried out, followed by the determination of rumen volume and rumen fluid dilution rate. The results showed that straw DM and total DM intakes of goats (average of $48.7g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, $72.7g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, respectively) were significantly (p<0.01) higher than sheep (average of $3.56g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, $61.6g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, respectively), but OM, N and GE intakes were not significantly different between the two animal species. When the effect of supplements was compared, animals fed SBM+SM supplement had significantly (p<0.001) higher DM, OM and GE intakes than animals fed SBM supplement. Potential degradabilities of rice straw DM were significantly (p<0.01) higher in goats (average of 48.8%) than in sheep (average of 46.1 %). The supplements had no significant effect on the potential degradabilities of DM, OM and NDF, but they had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the degradation rates of DM and NDF. The addition of sago meal in the diet reduced the degradation rates of DM and NDF of rice straw in the rumen. Potential degradability of DM of soybean meal was not significantly different between animal species as well as between supplements. Sago meal was highly degradable. At 24 h of incubation in the rumen, 90-95% of DM loss was observed. There was a significant interaction between animal species and supplements in the in vivo digestibility of ADF and GE. In animals fed SBM supplement, the in vivo digestibility of ADF was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goats ($50.6{\pm}4.22%$) than in sheep ($44.4{\pm}3.21%$), but digestibility of GE was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep ($70.2{\pm}1.93%$) than in goats ($63.0{\pm}3.07%$). The digestibility values of CP and OM were significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep when compared to goats. Animals fed SBM+SM supplement showed significantly (p<0.05) higher DM and OM digestibility values than animals fed SBM supplement, but digestibility values of CP were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals fed SBM supplement. Differences in in vivo digestibility values of CF and NDF were not significantly different between animal species or supplements. Water intake, rumen volume ($1/kg\;W^{0.75}$), rumen fluid dilution rate and mean retention time were similar between the two animal species. However, rumen fluid dilution rate and mean retention time was significantly (p<0.01) affected by supplements. Animals fed SBM+SM had faster rumen fluid dilution rate and consequently shorter mean retention time.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1988

The purpose of this research is to analyze the tendencies of poultry consumption in Korea. The information used is the data collected three times during the period from Sept. 1, 1985 to April 30, 1987 throughout the major cities. Those who participated in the survey are 2, 598 including housewives, nutritionists, cookers, group feeding institutions, woman's organizations, and the students of doing nutrition－related studies. Consumer preferences for poultry meat and eggs tend to move toward high quality and more strict sanitary standards. Following this line of consumer preference changes, the poultry product marketing supported by cold chain system is rapidly developing. Household consumption of poultry meat largely consists of hi－and semi－broilers but the household demand for these two broilers tends to decrease steadily over time. In general poultry meat consumption appears to be affected by consumer taste rather than market factors such as prices. In addition consumer choices are quite different depending on poultry meat parts which are preferred in order of drum sticks, wings, and breasts. In particular drum sticks are most preferred than any other parts. An important problem in poultry production is related to consumption seasonality since large part of poultry meat consumption is concentrated during the summer season. Another problem is associated with little development of cooking methods. At present there are two types of primary commercial cooking techniques, fries and samgaetang (boiled chicken with jinsang and rice). For promoting domestic poultry meat disposal and reducing the demand seasonality, new cooking methods should be developed and followed by more aggresive advertisements. In domestic egg trade, smaller packing units(i.e., 10 eggs per unit) tend to bi preferred to large ones (i.e., 30 eggs per unit). In consumers egg purchasing decisions nearness to the shops and convenience appear to be important factors. For egg shell colors consumers recognize that there is no difference in nutritional values. However, survey results show that consumers highest preference lies in eggs with brown color. Eggs are most popular among children and preferred in order of middle－and high－school students, 17-25 age people, and adults. Egg prices are concieved relatively cheap to its nutritional values. In house－holds eggs are consumed in the forms of fries, side dishes, and lunch basket dishes. However, high level of cholesterol content in eggs appears to be an important problem in promoting eggs consumption.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.285-300
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• 1998

1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 1994

The effects of different dietary lipids on growth, body chemical composition, and nutrient partition of the Korean rockfish (43 g of initial mean weight) were studied. Fish were fed three experimental diets containing 1) $4.5\%$ squid liver oil, 2) $1\%$ squid liver oil and $3.5\%$ beef tallow, and 3) $1\%$ squid liver oil and $3.5\%$ soybean oil. Growth and feed efficiency were detarmined during a 19-week feeding period at water temperature of $15.5^{\circ}C$, and at the end of which body chemical compositions were analyzed. Remained fish were fasted for 45 days, and four fish were taken at 6, 12 and 24 hours, and 3, 15 and 45 days after the fasting to determine tissue compositions and hematological changes. Growth, feed efficiency, protein and lipid retention efficiency, hepatosomatic index(HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), and chemical composition of whole body and dorsal muscle were not affected by the different dietary lipids. Liver moisture content of fish fed squid liver oil diet was higher than that of fish fed beef tallow or soybean oil diet. Liver lipid content of fish fed beef tallow diet was higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Fatty acid composition of dorsal muscle and liver were affected by the different dietary lipids ; high levels of 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3 from fish fed the diet containing squid liver oil, 18 : 1 from fish fed the diet containing beef tallow, and high 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3 from fish fed the diet containing soybean oil were observed. Both HSI and VSI of fish fed three diets decreased with time after the begining of starvation. Liver glycogen did not change during the first 15 days of starvation and decreased thereafter, and that was not affected by the different dietary lipids. Lipid and protein contents in the dorsal muscle of fish decreased up to 15 days of starvation and remained unchanged thereafter, these were not different from each other. Glucose, free fatty acid, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations in Fish serum were varied for the first 15 days of starvation, after that the concentrations of fish serum remained relatively stable in all the treatment groups with prolonged starvation. The results indicate that Korean rockfish can utilize fish oil, animal fat or vegetable oil equally as energy source when n-3HUF A is adquate.