• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.94.2-94
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• 2001

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 1994

An experiment was conducted to investigate the performance and production cost of Pekin ducklings fed varying levels of dietary protein. One hundred and twenty ducklings in four separate groups received either 16, 18, 20 or 22% CP in the starter period (day-old to 3rd week of age). These four groups ate either 12, 14, 16 or 18% CP respectively during the grower-finisher period (4th week to 12th week of age). The results of the study indicated that in a tropical country like Bangladesh, the protein needs of Pekin ducklings should be satisfied depending on the age at which the birds are to be marketed. If the ducklings are to be marketed at 6 weeks, 22/18% CP would be sufficient. When the marketing is aimed at 9 weeks of age, 20/16% would be adequate. For ducklings which are to be marketed at 12 weeks of age, a protein level of 18/14% would be required. All these results should help the producers to keep production cost to a minimum. The exceptional capacity of ducklings for compensatory growth would help keep birds on low protein levels if they are reared upto 9 or 12 weeks before marketing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 2012

It is the sensitivity and confidentiality of nuclear power plant decommissioning cost that prevent detailed cost information to be released to the public, which causes some limitation to analyze and reuse the costs. This limitation to access cost information means that the lessons learned from preceding cost estimating may not systematically feed back into following cost estimates. As an alternative, decommissioning cost estimation framework is indispensable to reflecting available experience and knowledge for decommission costs. This study provides the cost estimation framework including data flow and structuralization based on engineering and bottom up approach to enhance decommissioning cost estimation.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.793-797
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• 2010

The depleting fishes resource and water pollution in coast has a decisive effect on the fish farm and fisheries. For solving these problems the fish farms are moving to the offshore. The fish farms in offshore have to design the strong mechanism as compared with cost's fish farm, and operate by the remote feeding system and monitoring system for safety and management.. This paper describes a remote feeding system for fish farms in offshore. The amount of feed is depending on temperature and fish weight. The fish farm temperature is changed extremely in offshore than on land side. This paper described that the feed amount is calculated automatically according to temperature and fish weight, and the remote feed system. The performance of remote feed system is tested with model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of dried and ground foliage of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) on feed intake and utilization, and production performance of crossbred lactating cows. Methods: Eighteen lactating crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) cows (body weight $330.93{\pm}10.82kg$) at their second and mid lactation (milk yield $6.77{\pm}0.54kg/d$) were randomly divided into three groups of six each in a completely randomized block design. Three supplements were formulated by quantitatively replacing 0, 50, and 100 per cent of dietary wheat bran of concentrate mixture with dried and ground foliage of black gram. The designated supplement was fed to each group with basal diet of rice straw (ad libitum) to meet the requirements for maintenance and milk production. Daily feed intake and milk yield was recorded. A digestion trial was conducted to determine the total tract digestibility of various nutrients. Results: The daily feed intake was increased (p<0.05) with the supplementation of black gram foliage. Although the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and ether extract did not vary (p>0.05), the fibre digestibility was increased (p<0.05), which ultimately improved (p<0.05) the total digestible nutrients content of composite diet. Although, the average milk yield (kg/animal/d) and composition did not differ (p>0.05) among the groups, milk yield was increased by 10 per cent with total replacement of wheat bran in concentrate mixture with of black gram foliage. The economics of milk production calculated as feed cost per kg milk yield (INR 10.61 vs 7.98) was reduced by complete replacement of wheat bran with black gram foliage. Conclusion: Black gram foliage could be used as complete replacement for wheat bran in concentrate mixture of dairy cows in formulating least cost ration for economic milk production in small holders' animal production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1989

Nutritive values and fermentation rates of rice straw treated with 3% anhydrous and 3% aqueous ammonia were evaluated both in vitro and sheep metabolism trials. Daily gain, feed efficiency and feed cost per gain were also determined with growing Holstein bulls fed anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw. Crude protein was increased 2.4 fold and NDF was decreased 6.5%, but ADF and cellulose were not different between untreated and ammonia treated rice straw. An average of 35.5% of total added ammonia-N retained in the rice straw and other 64.5% was not retained in the rice straw. Ammonia treatment increased in vitro DM, NDF, ADF and cellulose digestibilities by 44.8%, 43.3%, 49.4% and 42.4%, respectively, and fermentation rates by 63.3%, 132.4%, 49.4% and 42.4%, respectively. In sheep metabolism trials, DM digestibilities of rice straw treated with anhydrous and aqueous ammonia were increased 22% and 36%, respectively, and digestible DM intakes by 48% and 70%, respectively in sheep fed anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw over untreated rice straw. Rumen ammonia and blood urea were considerably higher in sheep fed ammonia treated rice straw than sheep fed untreated rice straw. Daily gain of Holstein bulls was increased 20.8% and 29.9% and rice straw intakes were increased 28.4% and 44.3% in anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw over untreated rice straw. Feed conversion was improved 9.5% and 10.3% and feed cost/gain was reduced 7.1% and 9.2% respectively in anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw group as compared with untreated rice straw group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.442-451
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the reduction methods for ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) exposure in livestock. Methods: By reviewing domestic and international research reports from Korea and China, reducing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in livestock pens was analyzed in terms of ventilation, deodorant, and feed additives. In addition, exposure limits in Korea and China were examined through a comparison between 'TLV-TWA and STEL under the Industrial Safety and Health Act in Korea' and 'Management Standards for Air of Livestock Pens in China'. Results and Discussion: In order to effectively control hazardous gases and odors in livestock pens, the enhancement of natural ventilation or the addition of ventilation fans at the pollution source are being examined. Deodorants are used as adsorbents or masking deodorants. Additives to feed were zeolite powder, FeSO₄·7H₂O, enzymes, and microbial preparations. Use of feed additives was low-cost and had significant effects compared to other methods. Zeolite was the most commonly used in feed additive in Chinese cases and proved to be low-cost and effective for reducing harmful gases. Enzyme preparations were shown to stimulate the growth of livestock, but were expensive. Conclusions: This study reviewed and examined domestic and international research papers in Korea and China for reducing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in livestock pens. More diverse research and the development of feed additives are needed.

• Journal of Food and Nutrition Research
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.363-366
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• 2021

This study aimed to determine the effect of regulating crude protein (CP) levels in total mixed ration (TMR) on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. The regimens were divided into a control group (TMR with 15% CP) and treatment group (TMR with 12.5% CP). The viable cell count and fermentation potential of the prepared experimental feed and the nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Growth performance and carcass characteristics were confirmed by evaluating the weight and intake of Hanwoo steers, and an economic analysis was performed. Only CP digestibility was higher in the control group than in the treatment group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the initial and final body weights, daily gain, and feed requirements between the groups (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in carcass weight, yield index, back fat thickness, and loin area (p>0.05), but the appearance rate of quality grade A was higher in the treatment group than in the control group. In addition, there was no difference in the meat quality characteristics, such as marbling, meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity (p>0.05), and the treatment group had a higher rate of 1++ grade than the control group. Economic analysis showed that when 10 cattle were shipped, the control group received a price of 100,041 thousand won, and the treatment group received a price of 102,033 thousand won. When the income for each group was calculated, the production cost of the treatment group was 8% lower than that of the control group; thus, a higher net profit could be expected considering the low feed cost. Therefore, the economic feasibility of steer raising could be improved while maintaining productivity by controlling CP levels in feed. In addition, this study provides useful basic data for precisely adjusting the CP levels in feed for Hanwoo steers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 1991

1. The purpose of this study was to recommend ways of more efficient pheasant farm business management and promoting the demand of pheasant foods by reviewing the current pheasant farm business management and the general pattern of consumption of pheasant foods. The study was conducted on the basis of the field survey covering 83 pheasant feeders and 283 consumers. 2. Majority of pheasant feeders, 86.8%(n=72), utilized broiler feed for pheasant rearing because of high price of exclusive pheasant feed. 3. In case of producing 1,000 heads of 5 month-old pheasant, the primary production cost per head was roughly calculated at about 5,530 Won. And 40.3% of primary production cost was consisted of feed cost and 12.9% was depreciation cost for facillities including artificial incubator equipments. 4. 81.1%(n=51) of whole surveyed feeders disposed of 1-4 week-old birds directly to the new feeders and 6%(n=6) sold them to the middlemen who were almost pioneering pheasant feeders. 5. 48.9%(n=138) of the surveyed consumer respondents have taken the pheasant foods once and several times, and the others never once. And 50.6%(n=69) of the respondents who had taken the pheasant foods were satisfied with the tastes. 6. The surveyed consumers were asked whether they knew the nutritional value of pheasant foods and 47.3(n=136) recognized it positively and 37.5%(n=106) negatively. 7. To increase the pheasant farm income and promote the demand of pheasant foods. followings are recommended. - Production cost should be reduced by cooperative utilization of facilities and equipments at farm level, and exclusive pheasant feed of good quility should be developed and supplied to the feeders at a low price. - Pheasant marketing and pricing system should be improved to prevent consumers from price disorder of retail shop including pheasant food reataurants and to popularize the pheasant foods. - Various type of menu of pheasant foods should be developed not only to satisfy consumers in tastes but also to solve the seasonality of pheasant supply. But it is preferable that this action is led by pheasant feeders and their cooperative organization, espectially through vertical intergration system owned by pheasant feeders. - Generic, pioneering advertisement and promotion should be carried out to promote primary demend of pheasant foods. It would be preferable that these primary demend advertising and promoting activities shuld be sponsored by pheasant feeders and government together. And their activities should be supported by institutional regulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.361-365
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• 1993

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding fresh cassava roots on the performance and carcass quality of pigs raised from $15{\pm}1kg$ to 85 kg live weight. Fresh unpeeled cassava roots were chopped into chips and offered separately along with a protein concentrate made up of copra cake and meat and bone meal, and a local mineral-vitamin premix. Commercial pig grower and finisher diets served as control. A total of 24 pigs were used in an incomplete randomized split-plot design experiment. Pigs fed fresh cassava-based diet grew as fast, 0.78 vs 0.77 kg/day, and were as efficient, 3.74 vs 3.77 in converting feed into body weight gain as those fed the commercial control diet. Similarly, there were no differences in carcass quality measured in terms of dressing percentage, 77 vs 77; backfat thickness, 2.76 vs 2.78 cm; loin eye muscle area, 29.2 vs $29.1cm^2$ and in the relative proportions of the different carcass cuts between the two dietary treatments. The use of fresh cassava along with the protein and the local mineral-vitamin premix however, resulted in lowered total feed cost and cost per unit of live weight gain. It is concluded that fresh cassava roots can be fed along with copra cake, meat and bone meal protein concentrate and a local mineral-vitamin premix to fattening pigs with no adverse affects on performance and carcass quality.